SSPC-PA1-2004

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SSPC-PA 1

April 1, 2000

Editorial Revisions November 1, 2004

SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings

PAINT APPLICATION SPECIFICATION NO. 1

Shop, Field, and Maintenance Painting of Steel

1. Scope

1.1 This speciﬁcation covers procedures for the painting of

steel surfaces. The scope of this speciﬁcation is rather broad,

covering both speciﬁc as well as general requirements for

the application of paint. This speciﬁcation does not provide

detailed descriptions of surface preparation, pretreatments, or

selection of primers and ﬁnish coats. This speciﬁcation does

provide detailed coverage of the procedures and methods

for application after the selection of the coating materials has

been made.

2. Description

2.1 This speciﬁcation for shop, ﬁeld, and maintenance

painting is intended to be used for steel which, because of its

exposure condition, will be subjected to corrosive attack, either

from the weather or from the service environment, and where

a high quality of cleaning and painting is essential. It is not

contemplated that the requirements of this speciﬁcation are

necessary for the cleaning and painting of steel which will not

be subjected to corrosive attack. The following is a summary

of the major sections of this speciﬁcation.

1. Scope

2. Description

3. Reference Standards

4. Deﬁnitions

5. Pre-Application Procedures

5.1 Materials Handling and Use

5.2 Surface Preparation

5.3 Pretreatments

5.4 Coating Materials Preparation

6. Factors Affecting the Application of Coatings

6.1 Temperature

6.2 Moisture

6.3 Humidity

6.4 Cover

6.5 Defects

6.6 Striping

6.7 Continuity

6.8 Thickness

6.9 Recoating

6.10 Tinting

6.11 Intercoat Adhesion

6.12 Contact Surfaces

6.13 Induction Time and Pot Life

7. Application Methods

7.1 General

7.2 Brush Application

7.3 Roller Application

7.4 Spray Application (General)

7.5 Air Atomizing Spray Application

7.6 Airless Spray Application

7.7 Air-Assisted Airless Application

7.8 Hot Air Spray Application

7.9 Hot Airless Spray Application

7.10 Plural Component Spray Application

7.11 High Volume Low-Pressure Spray

8. Shop Coating

8.1 Applicability

8.2 Number of Coats and Type of Coating

8.3 Damage to Shop Coating

8.4 Contact Surfaces

8.5 Requirements for Welding

8.6 Rust Preventive Compounds

8.7 Erection Marks

9. Field Coating

9.1 Applicability

9.2 Surface Preparation

9.3 Touch-up of Shop Coated Surfaces

9.4 Field Coating Procedures

10. Repair of Damaged Intact Coatings

10.1 Applicability

10.2 Surface Preparation for Recoating

10.3 Incompatibility

10.4 Work to be Performed

11. Application Procedures for Generic Groups of

Coatings

11.1 General

11.2 Drying Oil Curing Coatings

11.3 Vinyls and Chlorinated Rubber Coatings

11.4 Bituminous Coatings

11.5 Epoxy and Coal Tar Epoxy Coatings

11.6 Zinc-Rich Coatings

11.7 Urethane Coatings

11.8 Waterborne Thermoplastic Coatings

12. Curing and Handling of Coatings

12.1 Drying of Coatings

12.2 Handling of Coated Steel

13. Inspection

14. Safety and Environmental Concerns

15. Disclaimer

16. Notes

Appendix A - Additional Reference Materials

3. Referenced Standards

3.1 The latest issue, revision, or amendment of the refer-

enced standards in effect on the date of invitation to bid shall

govern unless otherwise speciﬁed.

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SSPC-PA 1

April 1, 2000

Editorial Revisions November 1, 2004

3.2 If there is a conﬂict between the requirements of any

of the cited reference standards and this speciﬁcation, the

requirements of this speciﬁcation shall prevail.

3.3 SSPC: THE SOCIETY FOR PROTECTIVE COAT-

INGS STANDARDS:

PA 2 Measurement of Dry Coating Thick-

ness With Magnetic Gages

PA Guide 3 A Guide to Safety in Paint Applica-

tion

SP 1 Solvent Cleaning (not referenced

in body of spec)

3.4 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATE-

RIALS (ASTM) STANDARDS:

D 16 Standard Terminology for Paint, Related

Coatings, Materials, and Applications

D 4285 Method for Indicating Oil or Water in Com-

pressed Air

3.7 NACE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD:

* RP0178 Fabrication Details, Surface

Finishing Re-quirements, and

Proper Design Considerations for

Tanks and Vessels to be Lined

for Immersion Service

4. Deﬁnitions

4.1 SHOP, FIELD AND MAINTENANCE COATING: The

application of coatings to steel surfaces whether in the shop

or in the ﬁeld.

4.2 PAINT: In the general sense, paint includes primers,

enamels, varnishes, emulsions, catalyzed coatings, bituminous

coatings, and other organic coatings. Inorganic coatings which

are also applied as liquid ﬁlms are included in this deﬁnition.

This deﬁnition is compatible with most commonly used industry

glossaries.

4.3 SHOP COATING: The surface preparation and coat-

ing of steel surfaces inside a shop or plant before shipment to

the site of erection.

4.4 FIELD COATING: The on-site coating of new or previ-

ously coated steel structures before or after erection.

4.5 MAINTENANCE COATING: The coating of steel

structures in service that have been previously coated and

require touch-up or recoating.

4.6 MANUFACTURERʼS INSTRUCTIONS AND REC-

OMMENDATIONS: These (or similar terms) are used to refer

to an equipment supplierʼs or coating manufacturerʼs latest

published or written instructions and recommendations. Verbal

recommendations or instructions from an equipment or coating

manufacturer are not acceptable unless backed up in writing

by the manufacturerʼs technical staff.

5. Pre-Application Procedures

See Section 11 for procedures unique to speciﬁc generic

coatings.

5.1 MATERIALS HANDLING AND USE

5.1.1 All coating shall be delivered to the shop or jobsite

in original, unopened containers with labels intact. Minor dam-

age to containers is acceptable provided the container has

not been punctured or the lid seal broken.

5.1.2 Each container of coating shall be clearly marked

or labelled to show coating identiﬁcation, date of manufacture,

batch number, and other information as needed to meet regula-

tory requirements. Each type of coating shall be accompanied

by the manufacturerʼs Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

and product data sheet containing information such as basic

chemical composition, weather conditions acceptable for ap-

plication, and proper storing and mixing.

5.1.3 All containers of coating shall remain unopened

until required for use. No more containers of coating shall be

opened than will be applied that day. The label information

shall be legible and shall be checked at the time of use.

5.1.4 Coating which has livered, gelled, or otherwise dete-

riorated during storage shall not be used; however, thixotropic

materials which can be stirred to attain normal consistency

may be used.

5.1.5 The oldest coating of each kind that is in acceptable

condition shall be used ﬁrst. In every case, coating is to be

used before its shelf life has expired. Before using a coating

which has exceeded its shelf life, the manufacturer shall verify

its quality and then certify its use for a given period of time.

5.1.6 Coatings shall be stored in original unopened

containers in weathertight spaces where the temperature is

maintained between 40 °F and 100 °F (4 °C and 38 °C) unless

otherwise recommended in writing by the manufacturer. The

coating temperature shall be brought to the manufacturerʼs

written recommended application temperature before use.

(See Note 16.1 for more information on coating storage.)

5.2 SURFACE PREPARATION

5.2.1 The surface shall be cleaned as speciﬁed in the

procurement documents. In no event shall the surface prepara-

tion be less than the paint manufacturerʼs recommendations

for the intended service environment.

5.2.2 The surface to be coated shall have the speciﬁed

surface preparation at the time of application of the coating.

If the surface is degraded or contaminated subsequent to

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SSPC-PA 1

April 1, 2000

Editorial Revisions November 1, 2004

surface preparation and prior to coating, the surface shall be

restored to the speciﬁed condition before coating application

(see Note 16.2).

5.2.3 In order to control the degradation or contamination

of cleaned surfaces, the pretreatments, or, in the absence of a

pretreatment, the prime coat shall be applied as soon as possible

after the surface has been cleaned and before degradation or

contamination has occurred. Succeeding coats shall be applied

before contamination of any existing coating occurs.

5.2.4 Previously applied coating shall be roughened prior

to coating whenever necessary for the development of proper

intercoat adhesion (see Section 6.11).

5.2.5 Cleaning and coating shall be scheduled to minimize

the amount of dust and other contaminants that may fall on

newly applied wet coating ﬁlms. Surfaces not intended to be

coated shall be suitably protected from the effects of cleaning

and coating operations.

5.3 PRETREATMENTS

5.3.1 When speciﬁed, the surface shall be pretreated prior

to application of the prime coat of coating

5.3.2. The provisions of Sections 5.1 and 5.2 shall also

apply to pretreated surfaces and the materials used for this

purpose.

5.3.3 When chemical pretreatments are used, sufﬁcient

time shall elapse between pretreatment and application of the

prime coat to permit any chemical action to be completed and

the surface to dry. Two-component pretreatments shall be ap-

plied within the speciﬁed interval after mixing. When proprietary

pretreatments are used, the instructions of the manufacturer

shall be followed.

5.3.4 Inhibitive water washes used to prevent rusting of

cleaned surfaces prior to coating shall not be considered pre-

treatments. These may be used only if they do not adversely

affect the long term performance of the coating and are speciﬁ-

cally authorized. Test patches may be used to check adhesion

of the coating prior to coating the entire surface.

5.4 COATING MATERIALS PREPARATION

5.4.1 Single component coatings shall be thoroughly

mixed to obtain a uniform composition. For multiple component

coatings, each component shall be thoroughly mixed before

combining and further mixing. In all cases, the manufacturerʼs

written instructions for mixing shall be followed, and the products

shall be checked for complete uniformity.

5.4.2 The following are acceptable methods for mixing

most coatings:

5.4.2.1 Manual (Hand) Mixing: Most of the vehicle

shall be poured off into a clean container. The pigment in the

coating shall be lifted from the bottom of the container with a

broad, ﬂat paddle, lumps shall be broken up, and the pigment

thoroughly mixed with the remaining vehicle. The poured off

vehicle shall be returned to the coating with simultaneous

stirring, or boxed until the composition is uniform. “Boxing” is

the process of mixing coating by pouring from one container

to another. The maximum container size for “boxing” shall be

ﬁve gallons.

5.4.2.2 Power Mixing: This will usually give better mixing

in a much shorter time than mixing by hand.

5.4.3 All pigmented coating shall be strained after mixing

except where application equipment is provided with strainers.

Strainers shall be of a size to remove only skins and undesir-

able matter but not to remove the pigment.

5.4.4 Where a skin has formed in the container, the skin

shall be cut loose from the sides of the container, removed and

discarded. If the volume of such skins is visually estimated to

be more than 2% of the remaining coating, the coating shall

not be used.

5.4.5 Mixing of solvent-containing coatings in open

containers shall be done in a well ventilated area away from

sparks or ﬂames.

5.4.6 Coating shall not be mixed or kept in suspension by

means of an air stream bubbling under the coating surface.

5.4.7 Dry pigments which are separately packaged shall

be mixed into coatings in such a manner that they are uniformly

blended and all particles of the dry powder are wetted by the

vehicle.

5.4.8 Pastes shall be made into coatings in such a manner

that the paste shall be uniformly blended and all lumps and

particles broken up to form a homogenous coating.

5.4.9 Coating which does not have a limited pot life or

does not deteriorate on standing may be mixed at any time

before using, but if settling or phase separation has occurred

it must be remixed immediately before using.

5.4.10 Coating shall not remain in spray pots, paintersʼ

buckets, etc., overnight, but shall be stored in a covered con-

tainer and remixed before use.

5.4.11 Catalysts, curing agents, or hardeners which are

separately packaged shall be added to the base coating

only after the latter has been thoroughly mixed. The proper

volume of the catalyst shall then be slowly poured into the

required volume of base with constant agitation. Mixing of

complete kits is preferred to avoid mixing incorrect ratios of

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摘要：

SSPC-PA1-2004 是由美国防护涂料协会（SSPC）发布的关于溶剂型涂料、水性涂料及高固体分涂料在钢结构表面施工时应用的标准规范。该标准详细规定了涂料混合、稀释、施工方法（包括刷涂、滚涂、无气喷涂等）、膜厚控制、干燥时间及涂层缺陷修复的技术要求，旨在确保涂层系统的性能与耐久性。本规范适用于桥梁、储罐、管道等工业钢结构防腐涂装项目，是工程承包商、监理及业主进行涂装质量验收的重要参考依据。遵循 SSPC-PA1-2004 可有效减少涂层起泡、剥落及早期失效风险，提升钢结构在严苛环境中的保护效

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