AATCC TM61-2013e2(2020) Test Method for Colorfastness to Laundering Accelerated 耐洗色牢度试验方法：加速法

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116 AATCC TM61-2013e2(2020) AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023

1. Purpose and Scope

1.1 These accelerated laundering tests

are to evaluate the colorfastness to laun-

dering of textiles which are expected to

withstand frequent laundering. The fabric

color loss and surface changes resulting

from detergent solution and abrasive ac-

tion of five typical hand or home launder-

ings, with or without chlorine, are

roughly approximated by one 45 min test

(see 9.2-9.6). However, the staining ef-

fect produced by five typical hand or

home launderings cannot always be pre-

dicted by the 45 min test. Staining is a

function of the ratio of colored to undyed

fabrics, fiber content of fabrics in the

wash load and other end-use conditions

which are not always predictable.

1.2 When this test method was origi-

nally developed, various options of this

method were intended to evaluate the

color change and staining by five home

or commercial launderings, on an accel-

erated basis. Throughout the years, com-

mercial laundering procedures have

changed and commercial cleaning today

involves many different types of pro-

cesses, dependent on the type of product

being cleaned that cannot be duplicated

by one accelerated laboratory procedure.

In 2005, all references to commercial

laundering were removed as it is not

known if these procedures accurately rep-

licate typical commercial laundering pro-

cesses used today.

2. Principle

2.1 Specimens are tested under appro-

priate conditions of temperature, deter-

gent solution, bleaching and abrasive ac-

tion such that the color change is similar

to that occurring in five hand or home

launderings. The color change is obtained

in a conveniently short time. The abra-

sive action is a result of the frictional ef-

fects of fabric against canister, the low li-

quor ratio and the impact of the steel balls

on the fabric.

3. Terminology

3.1 colorfastness, n.—the resistance of

a material to change in any of its color

characteristics, to transfer of its color-

ant(s) to adjacent materials or both, as a

result of the exposure of the material to

any environment that might be encoun-

tered during the processing, testing, stor-

age or use of the material.

3.2 laundering, n.—of textile mate-

rials, a process intended to remove soils

and/or stains by treatment (washing) with

an aqueous detergent solution and nor-

mally including subsequent rinsing, ex-

tracting and drying.

4. Safety Precautions

NOTE: These safety precautions are

for information purposes only. The pre-

cautions are ancillary to the testing proce-

dures and are not intended to be all inclu-

sive. It is the user’s responsibility to use

safe and proper techniques in handling

materials in the test method. Manufactur-

ers MUST be consulted for specific de-

tails such as material safety data sheets

and other manufacturer’s recommenda-

tions. All OSHA standards and rules

must also be consulted and followed.

4.1 Good laboratory practices should

be followed. Wear safety glasses in all

laboratory areas.

4.2 All chemicals should be handled

with care.

4.3 The AATCC 1993 Standard Refer-

ence Detergents (with and without optical

brighteners) may cause irritation. Care

should be taken to prevent exposure to

skin and eyes.

4.4 An eyewash/safety shower should

be located nearby for emergency use.

4.5 Manufacturer’s safety recommen-

dations should be followed when operat-

ing laboratory testing equipment.

5. Apparatus, Reagents and Materials

(see 12.1)

5.1 Accelerated laundering machine.

5.1.1 A laundering machine for rotat-

ing closed canisters in a thermostatically

controlled water bath at 40 ± 2 rpm.

5.1.2 Stainless steel lever lock canis-

ters Type 1 500 mL (1 pt), 75 × 125 mm

(3.0 × 5.0 in.) for Test No. 1A.

5.1.3 Stainless steel lever lock canisters

Type 2 1200 mL, 90 × 200 mm (3.5 × 8.0

in.) for Tests No. 1B, 2A, 3A, 4A and 5A.

5.1.4 Adapter plates for holding canisters

(see 5.1.3) on laundering machine shaft.

5.1.5 Stainless steel balls, 6 mm (0.25

in.) in diameter.

5.1.6 White Synthetic (SBR) Rubber

Balls 9-10 mm (3/8 in.) dia. 70 Durome-

ter hardness for Test 1B (see 12.1)

5.1.7 Teflon fluorocarbon gaskets (see

7.4.2 and 12.2).

5.1.8 Preheater/storage module (see

7.4, 12.1 and 12.3).

5.2 Scales for rating test results.

5.2.1 AATCC 9-Step Chromatic Trans-

ference Scale (AATCC EP8) (see 12.4).

5.2.2 Gray Scale for Color Change

(AATCC EP1) (see 12.4).

5.2.3 Gray Scale for Staining (AATCC

EP2) (see 12.4).

5.3 Reagents and materials.

5.3.1 Multifiber test fabrics (8 mm

[0.33 in.] bands) containing acetate, cot-

ton, nylon, silk, viscose rayon and wool.

Multifiber test fabrics (8 mm [0.33 in.]

bands) and (15 mm [0.6 in.] bands) con-

taining acetate, cotton, nylon, polyester,

acrylic and wool (see 12.5).

5.3.2 Bleached cotton test fabric, 32 ×

32 ends × picks/cm (80 × 80 ends ×

picks/in.) construction, 100 ± 3 g/m2 (3.0

± 0.1 oz/yd2), desized without optical

brightener (see 12.5).

5.3.3 AATCC 1993 Standard Refer-

ence Detergent Without Brightener

(WOB) (see 10.5 and 12.6).

5.3.4 AATCC 1993 Standard Refer-

ence Detergent With Brightener (see 10.5

and 12.6).

5.3.5 Water, distilled or deionized (see

12.7).

5.3.6 Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)

bleach (see 12.8).

5.3.7 Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), 10% (see

12.8.1).

5.3.8 Potassium iodide (KI), 10% (see

12.8.1).

5.3.9 Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3),

0.1N (see 12.8.1).

5.3.10 Crockmeter test cloth cut in 50

mm (2 in.) squares (see 12.9).

5.3.11 White cards (specimen mounts)

with Y tristimulus value at least 85%.

6. Test Specimens

6.1 The sizes of the specimens required

for the various tests are as follows:

50 × 100 mm (2.0 × 4.0 in.) for Test

No. 1A,

50 × 150 mm (2.0 × 6.0 in.) for Tests

No. 1B, 2A, 3A, 4A and 5A.

6.2 Test only one specimen in each

canister.

6.2.1 Test one specimen per laboratory

sample. Replication may be advisable for

improved precision.

6.3 To determine staining in Tests No.

1A and 2A, use multifiber test fabric. To

determine staining in Test No. 3A, use ei-

ther multifiber test fabric or bleached cot-

ton test fabric. With respect to Test No. 3A,

the use of multifiber test fabric is optional

but the staining of acetate, nylon, polyester

and acrylic is disregarded unless one of

these fibers is present in the fabric being

tested or known to be in the final garment.

For Test 3A, multifiber test fabric with

heat-sealed edges is recommended. Stain-

ing is not determined in Tests No. 4A and

AATCC TM61-2013e2(2020)

Test Method for Colorfastness to Laundering: Accelerated

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

Not for Resale, 11/23/2023 20:10:19 MST

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris

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AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023 AATCC TM61-2013e2(2020) 117

5A (see 12.10 and 12.11).

6.4 Specimen preparation.

6.4.1 Preparation with multifiber test

fabric with individual component bands

8 mm (0.33 in.) wide or with bleached

cotton test fabric. Prepare pieces with a

50 mm (2.0 in.) square of multifiber test

fabric cloth or bleached cotton test fabric

(as required) sewn, stapled or suitably

attached along one 50 mm (2.0 in.) edge

of the test specimen and in contact with

the face of the material. When multifiber

test fabric is used, attach it so that each of

the six fiber bands is along the 50 mm

(2.0 in.) edge of the specimen with the

wool on the right. The fiber bands in the

multifiber test fabric will be parallel to the

lengthwise direction of the test specimen.

6.4.2 Preparation with multifiber test

fabric with individual component bands

15 mm (0.6 in.) wide. Prepare pieces with

a 50 × 100 mm (2.0 × 4.0 in.) rectangle of

multifiber test fabric sewn, stapled or

suitably attached centered along one 100

mm (4.0 in.) or 150 mm (6.0 in.) edge of

the test specimen and in contact with the

face of the material. Attach it so that each

of the six fiber bands will be parallel to

the widthwise direction of the specimen.

Attach and secure the wool band at the

top of the specimen to avoid fiber loss.

6.4.3 It is recommended that knitted

fabrics be sewn or stapled at the four

edges to equivalent size pieces of

bleached cotton test fabric to avoid rolled

edges and to assist in obtaining a uniform

test result over the entire surface. Attach

the multifiber test fabric to the face of the

knitted fabric.

6.4.4 For pile fabric specimens with a

pile lay direction, attach the multifiber

test fabric at the top of the specimen with

the pile lay direction pointing away from

the top of the specimen.

6.5 When the textile to be tested is

yarn, specimens may be tested using Op-

tion 1 or Option 2.

6.5.1 Option 1. Knit yarn on an appro-

priate sample knitting machine. Prepare

specimens and multifiber test fabrics ac-

cording to 6.1-6.4.3. Keep one knitted

specimen of each sample as an unwashed

original.

6.5.2 Option 2. Prepare two 110 m

(120 yd) skeins of each yarn. Fold the

skein so that there is a uniform amount of

yarn across a 50 mm (2 in.) width with a

length appropriate for the procedure to be

used. Keep one skein of each sample as

an unwashed original. Sew or staple

Crockmeter test cloth squares (see 12.9)

or squares of bleached cotton test fabric

having approximately the same weight

folded over each end of the layered yarn

specimen. Attach a multifiber test fabric

according to 6.4.1 or 6.4.2.

7. Procedure

7.1 Table I summarizes the conditions

of the tests.

7.2 Adjust the laundering machine to

maintain the designated bath tempera-

ture. Prepare the required volume of

wash liquor. Preheat this solution to the

prescribed temperature.

7.3 Run Test No. 1A in 75 × 125 mm

(3.0 × 5.0 in.) lever lock stainless steel

canisters. Run Tests No. 2A, 3A, 4A and

5A in 90 × 200 mm (3.5 × 8.0 in.) lever

lock stainless steel canisters.

7.3.1 For Tests No. 1A, 1B, 2A and

3A, add to the canister the amount of de-

tergent solution designated in Table I.

7.3.2 For Test No. 4A, prepare a 1500

ppm available chlorine solution. For 1 L,

determine the amount of stock sodium

hypochlorite bleach solution (see 12.8) to

dilute as follows:

159.4/% NaOCl = g to add

Weigh the correct amount of bleach into a

volumetric flask and dilute to 1 L. To

each canister, add 5 mL of 1500 ppm

available chlorine solution and 45 mL of

detergent solution making a total volume

of 50 mL.

7.3.3 For Test No. 5A, determine the

amount of stock sodium hypochlorite

bleach solution (see 12.8) to dilute as

follows:

4.54/% NaOCl = g to add

Weigh the correct amount of bleach into a

graduated cylinder and add detergent so-

lution to make a total volume of 150 mL.

Prepare this solution separately for each

canister.

7.3.4 For all the tests, add the desig-

nated number of stainless steel balls or

white rubber balls to each canister.

7.4 The two options for preheating the

canisters to the test temperature are by

use of the laundering machine or the pre-

heater/storage unit. If the canisters are to

be preheated in the laundering machine,

proceed to 7.4.2.

7.4.1 Place the canisters in the pre-

heater module at the prescribed test tem-

perature. They are to remain in the

module for at least 2 min. Enter a well

crumpled test specimen into each canister.

7.4.2 Clamp the covers on the canis-

ters. A Teflon fluorocarbon gasket (see

5.1.6) may be inserted between the neo-

prene gasket and the top of each canister

to prevent contamination of the wash so-

lution by the neoprene. Fasten the 75 ×

125 mm (3.0 × 5.0 in.) lever lock canis-

ters vertically and the 90 × 200 mm (3.5

× 8.0 in.) lever lock canisters horizontally

in the adapters on the rotor of the laun-

dering machine in such a manner that

when the canisters rotate, the covers

strike the water first. Place an equal num-

ber of canisters on each side of the shaft.

For canisters preheated in the module,

proceed to 7.7.

7.5 Start the rotor and run it for at least

2 min to preheat the canisters.

7.6 Stop the rotor and with a row of

canisters in an upright position, unclamp

the cover of one canister, enter a well

crumpled test specimen into the solution

and replace the cover, but do not clamp it.

Repeat this operation until all the canis-

ters in the row have been loaded. Then

clamp the covers in the same order in

which the canisters were loaded (delay

clamping the covers to allow equalization

of pressure). Repeat this operation until

all rows of canisters have been loaded.

7.7 Start the laundering machine and

run it at 40 ± 2 rpm for 45 min.

7.8 The rinsing, extracting and drying

procedures are the same for all the tests.

Stop the machine, remove the canisters

and empty the contents into beakers,

keeping each test specimen in a separate

beaker. Rinse each test specimen three

times, in beakers, in distilled or deionized

water at 40 ± 3°C (105 ± 5°F) for 1 min

periods with occasional stirring or hand

squeezing. To remove excess water, cen-

trifuge, blot or pass the test specimens

through wringer rolls. Dry the specimens

in an air circulating oven in which the

temperature does not exceed 71°C

(160°F), or tumble dry in a nylon mesh

bag in an automatic tumble dryer at nor-

Table I—Test Conditionsa

Test

No.b

Temp Total

Liquor

Volume

(mL)

Percent

Powder

Detergent

of Total

Volume

Percent

Liquid

Detergent

of Total

Volume

Percent

Available

Chlorine

of Total

Volume

No.

Steel

Balls

No. of

Rubber

Balls

Time

(Min)°C (± °2) °F (± °4)

1A 40 105 200 0.37 0.56 None 10 0 45

b1Bc31 88 150 0.37 0.56 None 0 10 20

2A 49 120 150 0.15 0.23 None 50 0 45

3A 71 160 50 0.15 0.23 None 100 0 45

4A 71 160 50 0.15 0.23 0.015 100 0 45

5A 49 120 150 0.15 0.23 0.027 50 0 45

aRefer to Section 9 for objectives for each test method.

bAll Tests include an alternate use for 2003 AATCC Standard Liquid Detergent which has been discontinued and is

no longer available. (See 12.6.)

cTest 1B provides for the use of White Rubber Balls instead of Stainless Steel Balls.

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

Not for Resale, 11/23/2023 20:10:19 MST

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris

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118 AATCC TM61-2013e2(2020) AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023

mal cycle, which has an exhaust tempera-

ture of 60-71°C (140-160°F), or air dry.

7.9 Allow specimens to condition at 65

± 5% relative humidity and 21 ± 2°C (70

± 4°F) for 1 h before evaluating.

7.10 Prepare tested fabric specimens

and adjacent fabrics for evaluation by

trimming off raveled yarns and lightly

brushing off any loose fiber and yarn on

the fabric surfaces. Brush pile fabric

specimens in required direction to restore

them as nearly as possible to the same

pile angle as the untreated specimens.

Specimens should be smoothed or flat-

tened if they are wrinkled and messy due

to washing and/or drying. Specimens

may be mounted on cards to facilitate

identification and handling in their evalu-

ation. For consistency in backing mate-

rial, use a white mounting card with Y

tristimulus value of at least 85%. Mount-

ing material must not be visible in the

area to be viewed and must not interfere

with rating as specified in 5.1 of both

AATCC EP1 and AATCC EP2 for the

Gray Scale for Color Change and Gray

Scale for Staining or instrumental assess-

ment of color according to AATCC EP7,

Instrumental Assessment of the Change

in Color of a Test Specimen (see 12.4).

7.10.1 Yarn skein specimens should be

combed and brushed for improved align-

ment of the yarns before comparison with

the unwashed original. The original spec-

imens may also need further combing and

brushing for uniformity of appearance.

8. Evaluation (see 12.16)

8.1 Evaluation of color change.

8.1.1 Evaluate the color change of the

test specimens by comparison with the

Gray Scale for Color Change (AATCC

EP1), or using AATCC EP7, Instrumental

Assessment of the Change in Color of a

Test Specimen, and record the numerical

rating that corresponds to the appropriate

one on the Gray Scale. For improved pre-

cision and accuracy the specimens should

be rated by more than one rater.

8.2 Evaluation of staining.

8.2.1 Evaluate staining (see 12.10) by

comparison with the Gray Scale for

Staining (AATCC EP2), the AATCC 9-

Step Chromatic Transference Scale

(AATCC EP8), or Instrumental Assess-

ment of Degree of Staining (AATCC

EP12), and record the numerical rating

that corresponds to the appropriate one

on either of them. The scale used should be

indicated when reporting the test results.

8.2.2 The color transferred to the multi-

fiber test fabric or bleached cotton test

fabric square of 6.4.1 can be quantita-

tively determined by measuring the color

difference between a piece of the original

material and the stained material. Multifi-

ber test fabrics (15 mm [0.6 in.]) have fill-

ing bands of sufficient width to be within

the aperture diameter capability of many

colorimeters and spectrophotometers (see

AATCC EP6, Instrumental Color Mea-

surement and 12.14).

9. Interpretation of Results

9.1 Results from these tests are in-

tended to approximate the color change

effects (see 1.1) of five typical home

launderings. These are accelerated tests,

and in obtaining the required degree of

acceleration some of the conditions, such

as temperature, were purposely exagger-

ated. The tests have remained largely the

same over many years while laundry de-

tergents, washers and dryers, laundry

practices and fabrics have changed (see

AATCC LP1.

9.2 Test No. 1A—This test is for evalu-

ating the colorfastness of textiles that are

expected to withstand repeated hand

laundering at low temperature. Speci-

mens subjected to this test should show

color change similar to that produced by

five typical careful hand launderings at a

temperature of 40 ± 3°C (105 ± 5°F).

9.3 Test No. 1B—This test is for evalu-

ating the colorfastness of textiles that are

expected to withstand repeated hand

laundering at cool temperatures. Speci-

mens subjected to this test should show

color change similar to that produced by

five typical careful hand launderings at a

temperature of 27 ± 3°C (80 ± 5°F).

9.4 Test No. 2A—This test is for eval-

uating the colorfastness to washing of

textiles that are expected to withstand re-

peated low temperature machine launder-

ing in the home. Specimens subjected to

this test should show color change similar

to that produced by five home machine

launderings at medium or warm setting in

the temperature range of 38 ± 3°C (100 ±

5°F).

9.5 Test No. 3A—This test is for evalu-

ating colorfastness to washing of textiles

considered washable under vigorous con-

ditions. Specimens subjected to this test

should show color change similar to that

produced by five home machine launder-

ings at 60 ± 3°C (140 ± 5°F), without

chlorine.

9.6 Test No. 4A—This test is for evalu-

ating the colorfastness to washing of tex-

tiles laundered in the presence of avail-

able chlorine. Specimens subjected to

this test should show color change similar

to that produced by five home machine

launderings at 63 ± 3°C (145 ± 5°F) with

3.74 g per L (0.50 oz/gal) of 5% available

chlorine per 3.6 kg (8.0 lb) load.

9.7 Test No. 5A—This test is for eval-

uating the colorfastness to washing of

textiles that may be laundered in the pres-

ence of available chlorine. Specimens

subjected to this test should show color

change similar to that produced by five

home machine launderings at 49 ± 3°C

(120 ± 5°F) with 200 ± 1 ppm available

chlorine.

10. Report

10.1 Report the test number.

10.2 Report the grade number deter-

mined for color change in 8.1 and the

staining grade numbers for the evaluated

fibers in the multifiber test fabric and/or

bleached cotton test fabric as determined

in 8.2.

10.3 State which scale (Gray Scale for

Staining or AATCC 9-Step Chromatic

Transference Scale) was used in evaluat-

ing staining (see 12.12).

10.4 Report the multifiber test fabric

used and if bleached cotton test fabric

was employed to avoid knit curling.

10.5 Report the detergent used with color

change and staining results (see 12.6).

10.6 Report which laundering ma-

chine is used.

11. Precision and Bias (see 12.15)

11.1 Precision and bias statements

have been developed for Tests No. 2A

and 5A. Although correlation work has

been done, no precision and bias state-

ments have been developed for Tests No.

1A, 3A and 4A.

11.1.1 Because of changes in the deter-

gents used in this method, these precision

and bias statements may not apply to data

or information obtained with the cur-

rently available detergents.

11.2 Test No. 2A.

11.2.1 Summary. An interlaboratory

test was carried out in May 1985 to estab-

lish the precision of Test No. 2A. A part

of the test was to determine if the wider

15 mm (0.6 in.) No. 10A multifiber test

fabric could be substituted for the 8 mm

(0.33 in.) wide No. 10. The complete test

consisted of six laboratories evaluating

10 materials in duplicate by one operator

using Test No. 2A.

11.2.2 Color Change. Three raters

from six laboratories independently eval-

uated nine materials in duplicate using

the Gray Scale for Color Change. The

components of variance as standard devi-

ations of the colorfastness grades (aver-

ages of variances for No. 10 and No. 10A

multifiber test fabrics) were calculated as

follows:

Single-Operator

Component 0.29

Within-Laboratory

Component 0.29

Between-Laboratory

Component 0.29

11.2.3 Critical Differences. For the

components of variance reported in

11.2.2, two averages of observed values

should be considered significantly differ-

ent at the 95% probability level if the dif-

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

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