AATCC TM8-2016e(2022)e Test Method for Colorfastness to Crocking Crockmeter 耐Crocking色牢度试验方法：Crockmeter

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AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023 AATCC TM8-2016e(2022)e 21

1. Purpose and Scope

1.1 This test method determines the

amount of color transferred from the sur-

face of colored textile materials and other

dyed materials (i.e., leather) to other sur-

faces by rubbing.

1.2 Test procedures employing white

crocking cloth squares, both dry and wet

with water, are given.

2. Principle

2.1 A colored test specimen is rubbed

with a white crocking test cloth under

controlled conditions.

2.2 Color transferred to the crocking

cloth is assessed by a comparison with

the Gray Scale for Staining (AATCC

EP2), the AATCC 9-Step Chromatic

Transference Scale (AATCC EP8), or

Instrumental Assessment of Degree of

Staining (AATCC EP12), and a grade is

assigned.

3. Terminology

3.1 colorfastness, n.—the resistance of

a material to change in any of its color

characteristics, to transfer of its color-

ant(s) to adjacent materials, or both, as a

result of the exposure of the material to

any environment that might be encoun-

tered during the processing, testing, stor-

age or use of the material.

3.2 crocking, n.—a transfer of color-

ant from the surface of a colored yarn or

fabric to another surface or to an adjacent

area of the same fabric principally by

rubbing.

4. Safety Precautions

NOTE: These safety precautions are

for information purposes only. The pre-

cautions are ancillary to the testing proce-

dures and are not intended to be all inclu-

sive. It is the user’s responsibility to use

safe and proper techniques in handling

materials in this test method. Manufac-

turers MUST be consulted for specific

details such as material safety data sheets

and other manufacturer’s recommenda-

tions. All OSHA standards and rules

must also be consulted and followed.

4.1 Good laboratory practices should

be followed. Wear safety glasses in all

laboratory areas.

5. Uses and Limitations

5.1 This method is not recommended

for use for carpets or for prints where the

singling out of areas may be too small us-

ing this method (see 14.1 and 14.2).

5.2 Since washing, drycleaning,

shrinkage, ironing, finishing, etc. may af-

fect the degree of color transfer from a

material, the test may be made before, after,

or before and after any such treatment.

5.3 This method is designed for use

with an AATCC crocking cloth as de-

scribed in 14.5. Alternatively, other adja-

cent textile substrates may be used as

agreed between interested parties.

6. Apparatus and Materials (see 14.3)

6.1 Crockmeter (see 14.4 and Fig. 1).

6.2 AATCC Crocking Cloth, cut in 50 ±

1 mm squares (see 14.5).

6.3 AATCC 9-Step Chromatic Trans-

ference Scale (AATCC EP8) (see 14.6).

6.4 Gray Scale for Staining (AATCC

EP2) (see 14.6).

6.5 White AATCC Textile Blotting

Paper (see 14.6).

6.6 Specimen holder for crockmeter.

6.7 Spiral wire clip for securing crock-

ing cloth to crockmeter finger.

6.8 Crockmeter verification fabric, or

in-house fabric with known poor color-

fastness to crocking properties, that pro-

vides repeatable and predictable crocking

results.

6.9 Emery paper to provide friction on

the base of the crockmeter (see manufac-

turer’s recommendations).

7. Verification

7.1 Verification checks on the opera-

tion of the test and the apparatus should

be made routinely and the results kept in

a log. The following observations and

corrective actions are extremely impor-

tant to avoid incorrect test results where

abnormal crock images can result and in-

fluence the rating process (see 14.7).

7.2 Use the crockmeter verification

fabric or in-house poor crocking fabric

with known predictable and repeatable

crocking behavior and conduct three dry

and wet crock tests.

7.2.1 A poor circular image with un-

even dye pick-up may indicate the crock-

ing finger needs resurfacing (see 14.8).

7.2.2 A double, elongated image may

indicate a loose clip (see 14.8).

7.2.3 A stretched and streaked crock

image may be due to mounting the crock

square diagonally.

7.2.4 Scuff marks to the sides of the

specimen indicate the loops of the wire

clip are positioned downwards and are

not high enough to prevent rubbing the

specimen surface.

7.2.5 A streak in the center of the crock

cloth image and in the direction of rub-

bing may indicate damage to the metal

base of the device. Contact the manufac-

turer for recommended solution.

7.2.6 If specimen holder is used, place

the holder over the specimen on the tester

base. Verify that the holder is not imped-

ing the motion of the finger or coming in

contact with it in any way, adjust the

holder as necessary to ensure free move-

ment. Without correction, this problem

will cause a dark area on one side of the

crocking image.

7.2.7 Confirm the wet pick-up tech-

niques (see 10.2).

7.2.8 Replace the abrasive paper on the

tester base if it is smooth to the touch in

the crocking area compared to the adja-

cent area, if slippage of the specimen is

noticed or if any ridges or bumps are

noticed.

7.2.9 In routine testing, observe if mul-

tiple streaks are on the crocking image.

Position specimen normally with the long

dimension oblique to the warp and fill-

ing. If the direction of rubbing falls along

a twill line or surface pattern, etc., then

streaks may occur. If they do occur,

slightly adjust the angle for testing.

8. Test Specimens

8.1 Two specimens are used, one each

for the dry and the wet tests.

8.1.1 Additional specimens may be

used to increase the precision of the aver-

AATCC TM8-2016e(2022)e

Test Method for Colorfastness to Crocking: Crockmeter

Fig. 1—Crockmeter.

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

Not for Resale, 11/23/2023 20:10:19 MST

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris

--``,`,,,``,,```,`,,,,,,`````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

22 AATCC TM8-2016e(2022)e AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023

age (see 13.1).

8.2 Cut the specimens at least 50 × 130

mm and position for testing preferably

with the long dimension oblique to warp

and filling or wales and courses (see Fig. 2).

8.2.1 Larger or full width lab samples

may be used without cutting individual

specimens, when multiple tests are

needed and when using for production

testing. Wherever possible, large samples

should be positioned obliquely. If this is

not possible, make a note in the report.

Avoid seams and other raised areas.

8.2.2 Samples should be prepared in an

oblique direction to the warp and weft,

neither parallel, right angled or at 45°;

they should be slanted.

8.3 Yarns. Knit a piece of fabric at least

50 × 130 mm and position as per 8.2, or

wind yarn tightly on a suitable sample

card/plate at least 50 × 130 mm, with the

yarn running in the long direction (see

14.9).

9. Conditioning

9.1 Prior to testing, precondition and

condition the test specimens and the

crocking cloth for crock testing as di-

rected in ASTM D1776, Standard Prac-

tice for Conditioning and Testing Tex-

tiles. Condition each specimen for at least

4 h in an atmosphere of 21 ± 2°C (70 ±

4°F) and 65 ± 5% RH by laying each test

specimen or crock square separately on a

screen or perforated shelf of conditioning

rack.

10. Procedures

10.1 Dry Crocking Test.

10.1.1 Place a test specimen on the

base of the crockmeter, flat on the abra-

sive cloth, with its long dimension in the

direction of rubbing.

10.1.2 Place specimen holder over

specimen and apply sufficient tension to

avoid slippage or wrinkling.

10.1.3 Mount a crocking cloth square,

the warp or weft direction parallel to the

direction of rubbing, over the end of the

finger that projects downward from the

weighted arm. Use the spiral wire clip to

hold the square in place. Position the clip

with loops upward. If the loops point

downward, they can drag against the test

specimen.

10.1.4 Lower the covered finger onto

the test specimen. For manual crockmeters,

beginning with the finger positioned at the

front end, turn the handle 10 complete

turns at the rate of one turn per second to

slide the covered finger back 10 times and

forth 10 times. For motorized crockme-

ters, set and run for 10 complete turns.

Refer to individual specifications for any

other required number of turns.

10.1.5 Remove the crocking cloth

square, condition (see 9.1) and evaluate

as directed in Section 11. In the case of

napped, brushed or sanded material,

when loose fiber might interfere with the

rating, remove the extraneous fibrous

material by pressing lightly on the crock

circle with the sticky side of cellophane

tape before evaluating.

10.2 Wet Crocking Test.

10.2.1 Weigh a conditioned dry crock-

ing cloth square. Calculate the desired

wet weight (65 ± 5% pickup) by multi-

plying the original dry weight by 1.65.

Apply water evenly over the crocking

cloth square and weigh to verify 65 ± 5%

pickup. If necessary, discard the square

with insufficient or excessive weight and

use a new crocking cloth square. Repeat

this process each day (see 14.10).

An example of how to achieve this

pickup is: Using a syringe tube, gradu-

ated pipette or automatic pipetter, draw

up water in mL to 0.65 times weight of

crocking square. Example: If the crock-

ing square weight equals 0.24 g, the mL

used would be 0.24 × 0.65 = 0.16 mL.

Lay the crocking cloth square on white

plastic mesh over a dish. If needed, adjust

the amount of water used to wet the

square and using a new crocking cloth

square, repeat steps. When 65 ± 5% wet

pickup is achieved, record the amount of

water used. Draw up the recorded amount

of water into the syringe tube, graduated

pipette or automatic pipette for each wet

crocking performed during the current

day. Other methods are available and can

be used.

10.2.2 Avoid evaporative reduction of

the moisture content on the crocking cloth

square below the specified level of 65 ±

5% before the actual crock test is run.

10.2.3 Continue as directed in 10.1.

10.2.4 Air dry the crocking cloth

square, then condition (see 9.1) before

evaluating. In the case of napped,

brushed or sanded material when loose fi-

ber might interfere with the rating, re-

move the extraneous fibrous material by

pressing lightly on the crock circle with

the sticky side of cellophane tape before

evaluating.

11. Evaluation (see 14.11)

11.1 Back the crocked square with

three layers of clean crocking cloth for

evaluating.

11.2 Rate the amount of color trans-

ferred from the specimen to the crock

square under examination by means of the

AATCC Gray Scale for Staining (AATCC

EP2), AATCC 9-Step Chromatic Trans-

ference Scale (AATCC EP8) or Instru-

mental Assessment of Degree of Staining

(AATCC EP12) and record the numerical

rating (see 14.12 and 14.13).

11.3 Average the individual results to

the nearest 0.1 grade when multiple spec-

imens are tested or when a panel of eval-

uators rate color transfer.

12. Report

12.1 State the grades of dry and wet

crocking test, unless otherwise requested

between parties.

12.2 Report the grade determined in 11.3.

12.3 State whether AATCC EP2,

AATCC EP8 or AATCC EP12 was used

for evaluating staining (see 14.12).

12.4 If any pretreatment or aftertreat-

ment was given to any specimens (see

5.2), indicate method of treatment.

13. Precision and Bias (see 14.14)

13.1 Precision. An interlaboratory test

was conducted in 1986 to establish the

precision of the test method. Testing was

conducted under the normal atmospheric

conditions of each laboratory and not

necessarily under ASTM D1776 standard

conditions. Two operators at each of 12

laboratories evaluated 5 fabrics in 3 repli-

cations by both dry and wet test method.

Table I—Components of Variance

Dry Wet

Chromatic Gray Chromatic Gray

Single Operator/Rater

Within Laboratory

Between Laboratory

0.20

0.10

0.20

0.19

0.17

0.24

0.31

0.38

0.25

0.34

0.54

Fig. 2—Oblique alignment of specimen (left).

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

Not for Resale, 11/23/2023 20:10:19 MST

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris

--``,`,,,``,,```,`,,,,,,`````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023 AATCC TM8-2016e(2022)e 23

Each of 3 raters independently rated the

stained crocking cloth squares using both

the Gray Scale for Staining and the

AATCC 9-Step Chromatic Transference

Scale. The original data is on file at the

AATCC Technical Center.

13.1.1 The components of variance as

standard deviations of the Gray Scale for

Staining or AATCC 9-Step Chromatic

Transference Scale rating units are given

in Table I.

13.1.2 Critical differences are given in

Table II.

13.1.3 Example for determining be-

tween laboratory differences using one

observer and the chromatic scale are

given in Table III.

Interpretation: For the dry crock test,

since the difference between labs is less

than the critical differences in Table II

(0.82), the difference in results is not sig-

nificant. For the wet crock test, since the

difference between labs is greater than

the critical difference (1.53), the differ-

ence in results is significant.

13.2 Bias. The true value of colorfast-

ness to crocking can only be defined in

terms of a test method. Within this limita-

tion, this test method has no known bias.

14. Notes

14.1 For carpets, AATCC TM165, Test

Method for Colorfastness to Crocking: Car-

pets—Crockmeter, under the jurisdiction of

Committee RA57, Floor Covering Test Meth-

ods, should be used.

14.2 For prints where the singling out of ar-

eas too small to test with the standard crock-

meter is necessary (see AATCC TM116, Test

Method for Colorfastness to Cracking: Rotary

Vertical Crockmeter). Specimens tested by

both test methods may show dissimilar results.

There is no known correlation between the

two methods.

14.3 For potential equipment information

pertaining to this test method, please visit

the online AATCC Buyer’s Guide at www.

aatcc.org/bg. AATCC provides the possibility

of listing equipment and materials sold by its

Corporate members, but AATCC does not

qualify, or in any way approve, endorse or cer-

tify that any of the listed equipment or

materials meets the requirements in its test

methods.

14.4 The crockmeter provides a reciprocat-

ing rubbing motion simulating the action of a

human finger and forearm.

The crockmeter is so designed that the 16 ±

0.3 mm diameter finger moves back and forth,

with each complete turn of the crank, in a

straight line along a 104 ± 3 mm track on the

specimen, with a downward force of 9 ± 0.9 N

(2 ± 0.2 lb).

14.5 AATCC Crocking Cloth should meet

the following specifications:

Fiber 100% 10.3-16.8 mm combed

cotton staple with no optical

brightener present

Yarn 15 tex (40/1 cotton count),

5.9 turns/cm “z”

Thread count for greige fabric 32 ± 5 warp

ends/cm: 33 ± 5 filling picks/

Weave 1/1 plain

Finished fabric desized and bleached with no

optical brightener or finish-

ing material present

pH 7 ± 1

Mass/sq meter 100 ± 3 g finished

Whiteness W = 78 ± 3 (AATCC TM110)

14.5.1 CAUTION: ISO crock test cloth re-

sults may not be equivalent to AATCC crock-

ing cloth results/values based on crocking

cloth study.

14.6 The AATCC 9-Step Chromatic Trans-

ference Scale, Gray Scale for Staining and the

White AATCC Textile Blotting Paper are

available from AATCC, P.O. Box 12215, Re-

search Triangle Park NC 27709; tel:

+1.919.549.8141; fax: +1.919.549.8933; e-

mail: ordering@aatcc.org; web site: www.aatcc.

org.

14.7 For a discussion of crock testing, see

the article by J. Patton, “Crock Test Problems

can be Prevented,” Textile Chemist and Color-

ist, Vol. 21, No. 3, March 1989, p13; and “Test-

ing for Crocking: Some Problems and Pitfalls”

by Allan E. Gore, Textile Chemists and Color-

ists, Vol. 21, No. 3, March 1989, p17.

14.8 Accidental damage to the rubbing fin-

ger, spiral clip or abrasive paper should be

repaired as follows: neatly renew the abrasive

paper; bend the clip further open or shut

around a rod slightly smaller in diameter than

the crock peg; resurface the finger by move-

ment on an extra piece of fine emery cloth in a

manner simulating regular use.

14.9 For more convenient crock testing of

multiple strands of yarn or thread a dowel at-

tachment is useful. This attachment was de-

veloped to avoid the tendency of the standard

finger to dig into and push aside the yarns, or

slide off them and possibly give erroneous

results. This attachment is 25 mm in diameter

by 51 mm long. Positioned on its side and held

in place by the standard finger, it provides a

wider test area, and holds the white test square

by two spring loaded clips. For additional in-

formation on this development see the article

by C. R. Trommer, “Modification of the

AATCC Crockmeter for Yarn Testing,” Amer-

ican Dyestuff Reporter, Vol. 45, No. 12, June

4, 1956, p357; also see articles by S. Korpanty

and C. R. Trommer, “An Improved Crock-

meter for Yarn Testing,” American Dyestuff

Reporter, Vol. 48, No. 6, March 23, 1959, p40.

14.10 Experienced operators do not have to

repeat this weighing procedure during a test

session once the technique is established.

14.11 CAUTION: It has been reported that

the results for staining obtained by this

method on fabrics dyed to dark shades (navy,

black, etc.) that contain a combination of poly-

ester and spandex, or their blends, may not

show the full staining propensity of such fab-

rics in consumer use. It is, therefore, recom-

mended that the staining results obtained by

this test not be used for the acceptance testing

of such fabrics.

14.12 It has been noted that different grades

may result depending upon whether the

Gray Scale for Staining or AATCC 9-Step

Chromatic Transference Scale is used for the

evaluation. It is, therefore, important to report

which scale was used.

For very critical evaluations and in cases of

arbitration, grades must be based on the Gray

Scale for Staining.

14.13 An automated electronic grading sys-

tem may be used as long as the system has

been demonstrated to provide results that are

equal to and provide equal or better repeatabil-

ity and reproducibility than an experienced

grader performing visual evaluation.

14.14 The precision of this test method is

dependent on the combined variability of the

material being tested, the test method itself,

and the evaluation procedure utilized.

14.14.1 The precision statement in Section

13 was developed from results obtained by vi-

sual evaluation.

Table II—Critical Differences

For the components of variance in Table I, two averages of observed values should be considered

significantly different at the 95% probability level if the difference equals or exceeds the following critical

differences.

No. of

Observations

Dry Wet

Chromatic Gray Chromatic Gray

Single Operator/Rater 1

0.55

0.32

0.24

0.54

0.31

0.24

0.68

0.39

0.30

0.70

0.40

0.31

Within Laboratory 1

0.77

0.60

0.75

0.61

0.57

1.08

0.93

0.90

1.17

1.02

1.00

Between Laboratory 1

0.82

0.69

0.66

0.89

0.77

0.74

1.53

1.43

1.41

1.90

1.81

1.79

The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.96 which is based on infinite degrees of freedom.

Table III—Sample Crock Test Results

with Chromatic Scale

Dry Wet

Lab A 4.5 3.5

Lab B 4.0 1.5

Difference 0.5 2.0

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

Not for Resale, 11/23/2023 20:10:19 MST

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris

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标签： #试验方法 #色牢度试验 #耐Crocking色牢度试验

摘要：

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the AATCC TM8-2016e(2022)e test method for evaluating colorfastness to crocking using the Crockmeter. It explains the standard’s scope, which assesses the transfer of color from textile surfaces to ot

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AATCC TM8-2016e(2022)e Test Method for Colorfastness to Crocking Crockmeter 耐Crocking色牢度试验方法：Crockmeter

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