AATCC TM188-2010e3(2017)e Test Method for Colorfastness to Sodium Hypochlorite Bleach in Home Laundering 家用洗涤中耐次氯酸钠漂白色牢度的试验方法

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AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023 AATCC TM188-2010e3(2017)e 375

Developed in 2000 by AATCC Commit-

tee RA60; editorially revised and reaf-

firmed 2001, 2008; reaffirmed 2002,

2017; revised 2003, 2010; editorially re-

vised 2004, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2019.

1. Purpose and Scope

1.1 This test method is used to deter-

mine the colorfastness to sodium hy-

pochlorite bleach, commonly called

“chlorine bleach,” in home laundering of

textiles which are expected to withstand

frequent laundering.

1.2 Results of this test method may be

used in combination with other testing for

establishing care instructions (see 5.1, 9.6

and 12.8).

1.3 If a chlorine bleach contains ingre-

dients other than the sodium hypochlo-

rite, it is the total effect of these chemi-

cals on the color change that is being

evaluated.

1.4 This test method is designed for

home laundering devices. An accelerated

colorfastness test simulating multiple home

laundering (including those with sodium

hypochlorite) is described in AATCC

TM61, Test Method for Colorfastness to

Laundering: Accelerated. There is no

known correlation between those sections

of AATCC TM61 and this method.

2. Principle

2.1 Specimens are laundered under ap-

propriate conditions of temperature, de-

tergent solution, chlorine bleach solution

and abrasive action for five home laun-

dering cycles. The laundered specimens

are evaluated for color change.

3. Terminology

3.1 bleach, n.—in home laundering, a

product that will clean, whiten, brighten

and aid in the removal of soils and stains

from textile materials by oxidation that is

inclusive of chlorine and non-chlorine

products.

3.2 care instructions, n.—in textiles, a

series of directions describing which care

practices should refurbish a product with-

out adverse effects and warning of those

care practices expected to have a harmful

effect (see 12.1).

3.3 colorfastness, n.—the resistance of

a material to change in any of its color

characteristics, to transfer of its colo-

rant(s) to adjacent materials or both, as a

result of the exposure of the material to

any environment that might be encoun-

tered during the processing, testing, stor-

age or use of the materials.

3.4 laundering, n.—of textile materi-

als, a process intended to remove soil

and/or stains by treatment (washing) with

an aqueous detergent solution and nor-

mally including subsequent rinsing, ex-

tracting and drying.

3.5 sodium hypochlorite bleach, n.—

4-6% solution of sodium hypochlorite

(NaOCl), pH 9.8-12.8, commonly called

“chlorine bleach.”

4. Safety Precautions

NOTE: These safety precautions are

for information purposes only. The pre-

cautions are ancillary to the testing proce-

dures and are not intended to be all inclu-

sive. It is the user’s responsibility to use

safe and proper techniques in handling

materials in this test method. Manufac-

turers MUST be consulted for specific

details such as material safety data sheets

and other manufacturer’s recommenda-

tions. All OSHA standards and rules

must also be consulted and followed.

4.1 Good laboratory practices should

be followed. Wear safety glasses in all

laboratory areas.

4.2 Manufacturer’s safety recommen-

dations should be followed when operat-

ing laboratory testing equipment.

4.3 The 1993 AATCC Standard Refer-

ence Detergent WOB and the 2003

AATCC Standard Reference Liquid De-

tergent WOB may cause irritation. Care

should be taken to prevent exposure to

skin and eyes.

4.4 All chemicals should be handled

with care.

4.5 In preparing, dispensing and han-

dling bleach and detergent, use chemical

goggles or face shield, impervious gloves

and an impervious apron.

4.6 If concentrated sulfuric acid is di-

luted to prepare the 10% acid (see 14.8.1

and 14.8.3), use chemical goggles or face

shield, impervious gloves and an imper-

vious apron. Concentrated acids should

be handled only in an adequately venti-

lated hood. CAUTION: Always add acid

to water.

4.7 An eyewash/safety shower should

be located nearby and an organic vapor

respirator should be available for emer-

gency use.

4.8 Exposure to chemicals used in this

procedure must be controlled at or below

levels set by governmental authorities

(e.g., Occupational Safety and Health

Administration’s [OSHA] permissible

exposure limits [PEL] as found in 29

CFR 1910.1000; see web site:

www.osha.gov for latest version). In addi-

tion, the American Conference of Govern-

mental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH)

Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) com-

prised of time weighted averages (TLV-

TWA), short term exposure limits (TLV-

STEL) and ceiling limits (TLV-C) are

recommended as a general guide for air

contaminant exposure which should be

met (see 14.1).

5. Uses and Limitations

5.1 Specimens may be tested using

these procedures, but without sodium hy-

pochlorite bleach, to determine the effect

of laundering with water and/or water and

detergent alone (see 9.6 and 12.8). To test

for colorfastness to non-chlorine bleach,

see AATCC TM172, Colorfastness to

Powdered Non-Chlorine Bleach in Home

Laundering (see 14.2).

6. Apparatus and Materials (see 14.3)

6.1 Automatic washing machine (see

14.4).

6.2 Automatic tumble dryer (see 14.5).

6.3 Conditioning/drying racks with

pull-out screens or perforated shelves

(see 14.6).

6.4 Ballast of 920 × 920 mm (± 30 mm)

hemmed pieces of cloth. Choose one of

the following.

6.4.1 Ballast type 1, bleached cotton

sheeting.

6.4.2 Wash load ballast type 3, 50/50

polyester/cotton plain weave.

6.5 1993 AATCC Standard Reference

Detergent WOB or 2003 AATCC Stan-

dard Reference Liquid Detergent WOB

(see 14.7).

6.6 Drip and line drying facilities.

6.7 Balance with at least 5 kg mini-

mum capacity and sensitivity to ± 0.1 g.

6.8 Lab timer.

6.9 Gray Scale for Color Change

(AATCC EP1) (see 14.7) or suitable col-

orimeter or spectrophotometer for color

change.

7. Reagents

7.1 Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 4-

6%.

AATCC TM188-2010e3(2017)e

Test Method for Colorfastness to Sodium

Hypochlorite Bleach in Home Laundering

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

Not for Resale, 11/23/2023 20:10:19 MST

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris

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376 AATCC TM188-2010e3(2017)e AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023

7.2 Distilled water.

7.3 Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, (10% solu-

tion).

7.4 Potassium iodide, KI, (10% solu-

tion).

7.5 Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3, (0.1N).

8. Test Specimens

8.1 Use one specimen weighing 110.0

± 10.0 g from a sample. If a garment or

textile item (towel, bed sheet, etc.) is to

be used as a specimen, weigh the entire

item to 0.1 g. If the garment weight ex-

ceeds the specified load weight of 1.8 kg,

the total weight is to be included in the

report. See 9.2.3 for exact weight specifi-

cations on load.

9. Procedure

9.1 Table I summarizes washing and

drying conditions. Information on the

machine and laundering conditions may

be found in the AATCC LP1 (see 14.10).

9.2 Washing.

9.2.1 Fill the washer with the specified

water volume at the selected water tem-

perature using the normal cycle setting.

Measure and record the water hardness in

any test.

9.2.2 Add 66 ± 1 g of 1993 AATCC

Standard Reference Detergent WOB or

100 ± 1 g of 2003 AATCC Standard Ref-

erence Liquid Detergent WOB (see 6.5).

Add 240 ± 5 mL (1 cup) of sodium hy-

pochlorite bleach or the amount recom-

mended by the manufacturer for a full

load of laundry. Run the washer for 2 min

to ensure proper mixing of liquor.

9.2.3 Add enough ballast to the speci-

men to make a 1.8 ± 0.1 kg load. Set the

washer on the cycle selected for washing

and set the wash timer (see Table I and

9.1). Start the agitation and indepen-

dently time the wash for reproducible re-

sults. When the desired wash time is

complete, stop washer and advance the

dial to the end of the wash cycle. Restart

washer to rinse, drain and spin the load.

9.2.4 For the specimen to be dried by

procedures A, B or D, allow washing to

proceed through the rinse and final spin

cycle. Remove test specimens immedi-

ately after the final spin cycle, separate

any tangled pieces, taking care to mini-

mize distortion, and dry by procedures A,

B or D [see Table I and AATCC LP1 (see

9.1)].

9.2.5 For the specimen to be dried by

procedure C, Drip Dry, stop the washer at

the end of the final rinse cycle just before

the water begins to drain. Remove the

specimens soaking wet.

9.3 Drying.

9.3.1 (A) Tumble Dry. Place the

washed load (test specimens and ballast)

in the tumble dryer, set on the cycle

which generates the correct exhaust tem-

peratures as specified in AATCC LP1

(see 9.1). For fabrics that are heat sensi-

tive, lower temperatures consistent with

producer’s recommendation are required

and must be reported. Operate the dryer

until the total load is dry. Remove the

load immediately after the machine stops.

9.3.2 (B) Line Dry. Hang each speci-

men by two corners with the fabric length

in the vertical direction. Allow the test

specimens to hang in still air at room

temperature until dry.

9.3.3 (C) Drip Dry. Hang each drip-

ping wet specimen by two corners, with

the fabric length in the vertical direction.

Allow specimens to hang in still air at

room temperature until dry.

9.3.4 (D) Screen Dry. Spread each

specimen on a horizontal screen or perfo-

rated surface, removing wrinkles but not

distorting or stretching and allow to dry

in still air at room temperature.

9.4 Repeat 9.2 and 9.3 for a total of

five launderings or to an end point of

color change (see 14.2).

9.5 On completion of the fifth laundry

cycle, (or after each cycle where end

point criteria are to be met), condition the

specimens for at least 4 h by laying each

specimen separately on the screen or

perforated shelf of a conditioning rack at

an atmosphere of 21 ± 2°C (70 ± 4°F)

and 65 ± 5% RH before evaluating color

change.

9.6 If this test method is to be used to

develop care instructions, specimens may

also have to undergo further testing. Non-

chlorine bleach sensitivity may need to

be tested using AATCC TM172. To sep-

arate the effects of components such as

hardness, pH or bleach content (see 5.1,

12.8 and ASTM D3938, Standard Guide

for Determining or Confirming Care In-

structions for Apparel and Other Textile

Products), this method with detergent

only and/or this method using water only

may be used.

10. Evaluation

10.1 Visual evaluation.

10.1.1 Using an unwashed specimen

from the sample as a control, rate the

color change of the test specimen in at

least three places on the specimen or

three times in one place using the Gray

Scale for Color Change (AATCC EP1),

or using AATCC EP7, Instrumental As-

sessment of the Change in Color of a Test

Specimen, and record the numerical rat-

ing that corresponds to the appropriate

one on the Gray Scale.

10.1.2 Ratings may be made compared

to an unexposed control cut from the test

sample or compared to a laundered con-

trol specimen of known fastness.

10.2 Instrumental evaluation.

10.2.1 Instrumental measurements

comparing unexposed and exposed,

(washed), specimen or garments may be

used (see AATCC EP6, Instrumental

Color Measurement, AATCC EP7, and

AATCC TM173, Test Method for Calcu-

lation of Small Color Differences for Ac-

ceptability).

11. Interpretation of Results

11.1 This test is a satisfactory end use

test for demonstrating the effect of the

1993 AATCC Standard Reference Deter-

gent WOB or the 2003 AATCC Standard

Reference Liquid Detergent WOB and

chlorine bleach on textile materials in

home laundering. The color change re-

sults will establish a level of performance

that can be used to prepare care instruc-

tions (see 14.9 and ASTM D3938).

11.2 If a significant color change is ob-

served, an untreated duplicate sample

should be retested using this method with

water only and/or by following AATCC

TM172 (see 9.6).

12. Report

12.1 Report the numerical average

color change grade for each specimen

tested.

12.2 Report washing conditions (Ara-

bic and Roman Numerals) and drying

conditions (capital letter from Table I;

[i.e., (1) IIIA (iii)] means NORMAL cy-

cle, wash water temperature of 41 ± 3°C,

tumble dry [permanent press]).

12.3 Report the type and amount of de-

tergent used.

12.4 Report the brand, sodium hy-

pochlorite activity, and amount of the

chlorine bleach used.

12.5 Report the available chlorine con-

tent delivered to the wash by the dosage

Table I—Washing and Drying Conditions (see 14.10)

Machine Cycle Wash Temperatures Drying Procedures

(1) Normal or Cotton/Sturdy (II) 27 ± 3°C (80 ± 5°F) (A) Tumble:

(2) Delicate (III) 41 ± 3°C (105 ± 5°F) i. iiCotton/Sturdy

(3) Permanent Press (IV) 49 ± 3°C (120 ± 5°F) ii. iDelicate

(V) 60 ± 3°C (140 ± 5°F) iii. Permanent Press

(B) Line

(D) Screen

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

Not for Resale, 11/23/2023 20:10:19 MST

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris

--``,`,,,``,,```,`,,,,,,`````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023 AATCC TM188-2010e3(2017)e 377

(see 14.8.3).

12.6 Report the weight of fabric speci-

men or garment tested, if other than

found in 8.1.

12.7 Report the number of wash cycles

tested, if other than 5.

12.8 Report water hardness.

12.9 If the information gained through

this testing is to be used in establishing

care instructions, results of washing us-

ing detergent and powdered non-chlorine

bleach, detergent alone or water alone

may have to be included (see 5.1 and 9.6).

13. Precision and Bias

13.1 Precision.

13.1.1 In 2001 a single laboratory

study was performed. The same operator

tested all samples.

13.1.2 Samples tested consisted of

three fabrics dyed with three different

dyes. Washing conditions tested con-

sisted of 60°C (140°F) and 49°C (120°F)

wash temperatures. Both tests used 200

ppm levels of sodium hypochlorite. Each

sample was evaluated instrumentally

three times and averages were calculated.

13.1.3 Within-laboratory Standard

Errors and Critical Differences are shown

in Table II. Data are on file at the

AATCC Technical Center.

13.2 Bias. The colorfastness to chlo-

rine bleach in home laundering can be de-

fined only in terms of a test method.

There is no independent method for de-

termining the true value. As a means of

estimating this property, the method has

no known bias.

14. Notes

14.1 Available from Publications Office,

ACGIH, Kemper Woods Center, 1330 Kemper

Meadow Dr., Cincinnati OH 45240; tel: +1.

513.742.2020; web site: www.acgih.org.

14.2 While the design of this method is to

expose specimens to 5 cycles of washing and

drying, the number of cycles may be short-

ened or lengthened if the end point is a spe-

cific grade for color change.

14.3 For potential equipment information

pertaining to this test method, please visit

the online AATCC Buyer’s Guide at www.

aatcc.org/bg. AATCC provides the possibility

of listing equipment and materials sold by its

Corporate members, but AATCC does not

qualify, or in any way approve, endorse or cer-

tify that any of the listed equipment or

materials meets the requirements in its test

methods.

14.4 Contact AATCC, P.O. Box 12215,

Research Triangle Park NC 27709; tel: +1.

919.549.8141; fax: +1.919.549.8933; web site:

www.aatcc.org, for model number(s) and

source of current recommended washer(s).

Any other washer which is known to give

comparable results may be used. Washing

machine conditions given in M6 represent the

actual speeds and times available on current

specified model(s). Other washers may vary in

one or more of these settings.

14.5 Contact AATCC (see 14.4) for model

number(s) and source(s) of current recom-

mended dryer(s). Any other dryer which is

known to give comparable results can be used.

Dryer machine conditions given in M6 repre-

sent the actual speeds and times available on

current specified model(s). Other dryers may

vary in one or more of the settings.

14.6 Screen or perforated conditioning/dry-

ing racks available from Somers Sheet Metal

Inc., 5590 N. Church St., Greensboro NC

27455; tel: +1.336.643.3477. Drawings of

racks are available from AATCC (see 14.4).

14.7 Available from AATCC, P.O. Box

12215, Research Triangle Park NC 27709; tel:

+1.919.549.8141; fax: +1.919.549.8933; e-mail:

ordering@aatcc.org; web site: www.aatcc.org.

14.8 Use sodium hypochlorite bleach pur-

chased within the last six months. Keep the

bleach sealed in an airtight container and in a

cool, dry place.

14.8.1 To confirm the sodium hypochlorite

bleach’s activity, weigh 2.00 g sodium hy-

pochlorite into an Erlenmeyer flask and dilute

to 50 mL with deionized water. Add 10 mL of

10% sulfuric acid and 10 mL of 10% potas-

sium iodide. Titrate with 0.1N sodium thiosul-

fate until colorless.

Calculation:

% sodium hypochlorite =

The factor 0.03722 is derived by multiplying

the molecular weight of NaOCl (74.45 g/mol)

by 0.001 (mL to L conversion) and dividing

by 2 (mols of thiosulfate per hypochlorite).

14.8.2 Oxidizing power of sodium hy-

pochlorite is typically expressed in terms of

available chlorine, the equivalent amount of

diatomic chlorine present. A 5.25% NaOCl so-

lution contains 50,000 ppm available chlorine.

mL Na2S2O30.1N()0.03722()

2.0 g NaOCl

---------------------------------------------------------------------------100×

14.8.3 To determine the available chlorine

delivered to the wash solution, weigh a 50 g

wash water sample into an Erlenmeyer flask.

Add 10 mL of 10% sulfuric acid and 10 mL of

10% potassium iodide. Titrate with 0.01N so-

dium thiosulfate until colorless.

Calculation:

ppm available chlorine =

NOTE: No buffering agent is required since

the solution is already buffered by the detergent.

14.9 ASTM methods available from ASTM

International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., W. Con-

shohocken PA 19428; tel: +1.610.832.9500;

fax: +1.610.832.9555; web site: www.astm.org.

14.10 Laundering temperatures and other

parameters listed in AATCC LP1 may not be

the same as those listed in various test meth-

ods. Parameters in AATCC LP1 are updated

periodically to reflect consumer experience,

taking into account current technology and

regulations regarding home water heater tem-

peratures, particularly in the United States.

Typically, test method committees pursue a

deliberate effort to maintain the same test

method conditions over a long period of time

in order to produce comparable results over

time. Additionally, significant changes may

invalidate precision data developed using the

original conditions.

Temperatures listed in AATCC test meth-

ods were established at the time the methods

were developed or revised, and closely mirror

the temperature ranges specified in 16 CFR

Part 423 for care labels. It should also be

noted that AATCC test methods were devel-

oped using traditional top loading washing

machines. Specified water level, detergent,

and other details are not applicable to high ef-

ficiency top loading or front loading ma-

chines. New, commercially available home

laundering machines may have to be modified

by the user to meet the specifications in vari-

ous test methods. All test reports should indi-

cate the exact testing conditions, and any

modification of the standard method, includ-

ing use of AATCC LP1 parameters. Results of

tests performed with different conditions may

not be comparable.

mL Na2S2O30.01N()35.45()1000()

50 g wash water sample()

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table II—Within-Laboratory Standard Errors and

Critical Differences* (95% Probability) n-3)

Wash Temperature Average DE* Standard Error Critical Difference

60°C (140°F) wash 22.19 0.22 0.61

49°C (120°F) wash 19.56 0.31 0.86

*Note: In this single laboratory test, estimates of standard error and critical differences may be either under-

estimated or overestimated to a considerable extent and should be used with special caution. The values should

be viewed as minimal data with regards to precision. Confidence intervals are not well established.

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

Not for Resale, 11/23/2023 20:10:19 MST

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris

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标签： #试验方法 #家用洗涤 #色牢度

摘要：

该标准规范文档详细介绍了AATCC TM188-2010e3(2017)e试验方法，专门用于评估纺织品在家用洗涤过程中对次氯酸钠漂白剂的耐色牢度。通过模拟实际家庭洗衣条件，该方法帮助制造商和检测机构量化织物在接触含氯漂白剂时的颜色变化与褪色风险，确保产品符合质量与安全要求。文档涵盖了测试原理、样品制备、洗涤程序、评级标准及结果记录等关键步骤，适用于纺织测试实验室、质量控制人员以及研发工程师。掌握AATCC TM188标准有助于优化产品配方、减少色牢度投诉，并满足国际市场的合规需求，尤其针对涉及漂

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AATCC TM188-2010e3(2017)e Test Method for Colorfastness to Sodium Hypochlorite Bleach in Home Laundering 家用洗涤中耐次氯酸钠漂白色牢度的试验方法

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