AATCC TM197-2022 Test Method for Vertical Wicking Rate of Textilesto Specified Distances 纺织品垂直芯吸率的试验方法：到规定距离

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AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023 AATCC TM197-2022 407

Foreword

Various versions of the vertical wick-

ing test have been used to evaluate tex-

tiles for many years. In 2004, AATCC

and ASTM International jointly pub-

lished Technical Supplement, a collection

of unofficial industry procedures. This

test method is a more thorough and stan-

dardized version of the vertical wicking

procedure published in the Technical

Supplement. When it was first published,

this test method included options for

measuring wicking rate to specified dis-

tances and to specified times. In 2022, the

rate to specified times option was trans-

ferred to a separate test method, AATCC

TM213.

1. Purpose and Scope

1.1 This test method is used to evaluate

the ability of fabric specimens to trans-

port liquid vertically when a cut edge is

submerged.

1.2 This method is applicable to wo-

ven, knitted, or nonwoven fabrics.

2. Principle

2.1 The distance liquid travels along

and/or through a fabric specimen from a

cut edge is visually observed, manually

timed and recorded at specified intervals.

2.2 The movement of liquid along a

fabric may be influenced by fiber con-

tent, fabric construction, mechanical or

chemical processing or a combination of

these.

2.3 Results are reported as wicking

rates (distance per unit of time) for a

short period (to 20 mm) and a long period

(to 150 mm).

3. Referenced Documents

NOTE: Use current versions of all

publications unless otherwise specified.

3.1 AATCC LP1, Laboratory Proce-

dure for Home Laundering: Machine

Washing (see 15.1).

3.2 AATCC TM213, Test Method for

Vertical Wicking Rate of Textiles: to

Specified Times (see 15.1).

3.3 ASTM D123, Standard Terminol-

ogy Relating to Textiles.

3.4 ASTM D1331, Standard Test

Methods for Surface and Interfacial Ten-

sion of Solutions of Paints, Solvents, So-

lutions of Surface-Active Agents, and

Related Materials.

3.5 ASTM E1402, Standard Guide for

Sampling Design.

3.6 ASTM D1776, Standard Practice

for Conditioning and Testing Textiles.

4. Terminology

4.1 absorption, n.—a process in which

one material (the absorbent) takes in an-

other (the absorbate); as the absorption of

moisture by fibers. (ASTM D123)

4.2 capillary action, n.—the process

by which a liquid flows through narrow

spaces via forces of adhesion, cohesion,

and surface tension, and without the use

of external forces, such as gravity.

4.3 fabric, n.—in textiles, a planar

structure made from yarns or fibers

(ASTM D123).

4.4 vertical wicking, n.—in a textile

held vertically, the upward movement of

liquid via absorption or capillary action.

4.5 vertical wicking rate, n.—the

speed at which liquid travels along or

through a textile

4.6 wicking, n.—in textiles, the move-

ment of a liquid, by capillary action,

along or through a material.

4.7 wicking distance, n.—the linear

measurement that the liquid travels along

or through a textile from a starting point

to a stopping point.

4.8 wicking time, n.—the measurable

period during which liquid travels along

or through a textile.

5. Safety Precautions

5.1 The safety precautions specified in

the method/procedure are ancillary to the

testing procedures and are not intended to

be all inclusive.

5.2 It is the user’s responsibility to ref-

erence applicable safety data sheets, use

safe and proper techniques, and wear ap-

propriate personal protective equipment

in handling materials in this standard.

5.3 Users MUST consult manufactur-

ers for specific details such as equipment

operating instructions and other recom-

mendations. Consult and follow all appli-

cable health and safety regulations (e.g.,

OSHA standards and rules).

6. Limitations

6.1 Liquids other than distilled or

deionized water (tinted water, dye solu-

tions, etc.) may be used in this test. Solu-

tions of different surface tensions may

yield different results.

6.2 The procedure measures movement

of a liquid vertically upward from the

submerged cut edge of a specimen, but

does not duplicate an end-product’s expo-

sure during wear.

6.3 The results obtained by this test are

not a measure of comfort, which is be-

yond the scope of this method.

6.4 The relationship between results

obtained by vertical and horizontal wick-

ing tests is not known.

7. Apparatus, Reagents, Materials (see

16.2)

7.1 Distilled or deionized water, 21 ±

2°C (70 ± 4°F).

7.2 Marking pens, fine-point, water-

soluble ink (see 16.3).

7.3 Stopwatch or digital timer.

7.4 Measuring tape or ruler, mm gradu-

ations.

7.5 Surface tensiometer, if using liquid

other than water (see 11.1).

7.6 Erlenmeyer flask, 500 mL; or rec-

tangular pan, long enough to accommo-

date all specimens side-by-side.

7.7 Scissor jack, if using Erlenmeyer

flask.

7.8 Means of suspending specimen(s)

into a flask or pan (see Figs. 2 and 3).

7.9 Small straight pins (optional, see

11.2).

7.10 Powder-free disposable gloves,

e.g., latex or nitrile.

8. Sampling

8.1 Test results are valid only when the

samples are statistically representative

(see ASTM E1402).

8.2 Sampling must be random. Every

unit of product must have a mathemati-

cally equal chance of becoming a sample;

and every portion of each sample must be

equally likely to become a test specimen.

8.3 All specimens must be alike within

the variations due to pure chance. There

must be no differences within samples as-

signable to known causes.

9. Specimens

9.1 Liquid may wick up face and back

of fabric at different rates. Upon agree-

ment among interested parties, deter-

mine whether both fabric sides are to be

measured. If only one fabric side is to be

measured, mark the selected side. If test-

ing is to be performed after laundering,

use a marking pen with permanent ink to

denote the fabric side chosen for testing.

AATCC TM197-2022

Test Method for Vertical Wicking Rate of Textiles:

to Specified Distances

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

Not for Resale, 11/23/2023 20:10:19 MST

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris

--``,`,,,``,,```,`,,,,,,`````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

408 AATCC TM197-2022 AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023

9.2 Upon agreement between inter-

ested parties, determine in which direc-

tion(s) the fabric will be tested.

9.3 To test the durability of finishes or

evaluate wicking properties after launder-

ing, launder fabric swatches or items ac-

cording to conditions chosen from

AATCC LP1 before cutting specimens.

9.4 Wear gloves and minimize han-

dling of the test specimens as oils trans-

ferred from the skin may affect liquid

movement.

9.5 Cut specimens at least 100 mm

from the selvage. If testing sewn prod-

ucts, take specimens from different pan-

els, at least 100 mm away from seams,

pockets, plackets and other assembly fea-

tures. Take each specimen such that dif-

ferent sets of (fabric) length and width

yarns are present. For nonwoven fabrics,

spread specimens across length and width

of sample.

9.6 Cut 3 specimens, each 25 ± 3 mm

wide and at least 165 mm long.

9.6.1 Cut the long dimension parallel

to the fabric direction(s) being tested. Ac-

curate dimensions and alignment of spec-

imens are critical for repeatable testing.

9.7 Cut an extra specimen to determine

if a pin is needed to submerge the speci-

men end (see 11.2).

9.8 Using a marking pen with soluble

ink, mark a line across the width of each

specimen, 5 ± 1 mm from the end to be

submerged, on the fabric side to be

tested. The line denotes the level to

which the specimen will be submerged at

the start of the test (see Fig. 1).

9.9 Using a marking pen with soluble

ink, mark lines across the width of each

specimen, 20 ± 1 mm and 150 ± 1 mm

above the first line (see Fig. 1).

9.9.1 Alternative wicking distances

may be marked depending on the desired

end use of the fabric. When comparing

results, use the same wicking distance for

all specimens being compared.

10. Conditioning

10.1 Prior to testing, condition test

specimens as directed in ASTM D1776.

(Use conditions indicated in Table 1 for

Textiles, general. Estimate conditioning

time as indicated in Table 2 for the appro-

priate fiber content.) Lay each specimen,

separately, on a screen or perforated shelf

of a conditioning/drying rack.10.2 Per-

form all tests in the standard atmosphere

for testing (21 ± 2°C [70 ± 4°F], 65 ± 5%

RH).

11. Preparation

11.1. For liquids other than distilled or

deionized water (including tinted water

or dye solution), measure the surface ten-

sion as directed in ASTM D1331.

11.2 Some lightweight or hydrophobic

fabrics may float on the water. Before

testing, lower one short end of the extra

specimen into water.

11.2.1 If the specimen is easily sub-

merged, proceed with marking remaining

specimens.

11.2.2 If the end of the specimen floats

on the surface of the water, insert a

straight pin across the end. Use the mini-

mum weight necessary to allow the spec-

imen to submerge. Use the same size pin

for all specimens in the sample. When

comparing results for various samples, it

is best to use the same size pin for all.

11.2.3 Do not reuse the water or sam-

ple. Use a clean container and fresh water

for each test.

12. Procedure

12.1 Perform test on a stable surface to

minimize vibration.

12.2 To test a single specimen in an

Erlenmeyer flask, add approximately 90

mL of water (or alternate liquid) to the

flask. Ensure water depth is at least 10

mm. Ensure that the lip and neck of the

flask remain dry to prevent specimen

from premature contact with water.

12.2.1 Place the flask on a scissor jack

and suspend the specimen in the opening,

above the water line. The specimen

should hang perpendicular to the flask

floor, with no folds or waves. Insert a pin

across the bottom end as needed (see 11.2).

12.2.2 Raise the jack until the speci-

men end is submerged to the 5-mm line

and start the timer.

12.3 To test multiple specimens in a

rectangular pan, suspend specimens with

bottom ends just above the floor of the

pan. Ensure that no part of any specimens

is in contact with the pan. The specimens

should hang perpendicular to the pan

floor, with no folds or waves. Insert a pin

as needed (see 11.2). It is critical to en-

sure the 5-mm line on each specimen is at

the same level before adding water.

12.3.1 Carefully add water to the pan.

Avoid pouring or splashing water onto

specimens. Start a timer as soon as the

specimens are submerged to the 5-mm

Fig. 1—Vertical wicking

specimen and marking.

150 mm

5 mm

25 mm

Fig. 2—Specimen prepared for vertical

wicking testing in an Erlenmeyer flask.

Fig. 3—Rectangular pan for testing

multiple specimens.

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

Not for Resale, 11/23/2023 20:10:19 MST

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris

--``,`,,,``,,```,`,,,,,,`````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

AATCC Manual of International Test Methods and Procedures/2023 AATCC TM197-2022 409

line.

12.4 Monitor the rise of the water, visi-

ble as migration of the marking ink and/

or darkening of the specimen(s). Record

the time, to the nearest second, that it

takes for the soluble ink at the 20-mm

line to start to migrate. This is the short-

period wicking time. Multiple observers

or timers may be necessary to accurately

record the wicking time of multiple spec-

imens tested simultaneously in a rec-

tangular pan. If wicking is uneven across

the width of the specimen, record the

highest point and note observation in the

test report.

12.5 Continue monitoring the rise of

the water and record, to the nearest sec-

ond, the time that it takes for the soluble

ink at the 150-mm line to start to migrate.

This is the long-period wicking time.

12.6 Terminate the test when any of the

following conditions are met:

12.6.1 Water does not reach the 20-mm

line within 300 s (5 min.)

12.6.2 Water does not reach the 150-

mm line within 1,800 s (30.0 min.)

12.6.3 Water wicks to the 150-mm

line.

12.7 Measure the distance the water

has migrated. Record the time (s), dis-

tance (mm) and the reason for termina-

tion of the test.

12.8 For tests in a flask, remove the

specimen from the flask. Repeat the pro-

cedure for the remaining specimens.

12.8.1 Use a clean flask with fresh

water for each specimen.

13. Calculation

13.1 Calculate the vertical wicking

rates using Eq. 1. Two different rates, a

short period rate and a long period rate,

are obtained for each specimen.

W=d/t(1)

where:

W= vertical wicking rate, mm/s

d= wicking distance, mm (20 for

short period, 150 for long period,

or as agreed)

t= wicking time, s

NOTE: The standard wicking distance

is 20 mm for the short period and 150

mm for the long period. Alternate dis-

tances may be used if the test was termi-

nated before reaching the marks or as

agreed by interested parties.

13.2 Calculate the mean short-period

wicking rate for each direction tested, to

the nearest 0.1 mm/s.

13.2.1 If desired, calculate standard de-

viation.

13.3 Calculate the mean long-period

wicking rate for each direction tested, to

the nearest 0.1 mm/s.

13.3.1 If desired, calculate standard de-

viation.

14. Report

14.1 Describe or identify the sample

tested.

14.2 Report that the sample was tested

using AATCC TM197-2022.

14.3 Report the testing conditions:

14.3.1 If testing was performed after

laundering, report the laundering condi-

tions used and the number of cycles com-

pleted.

14.3.2 Report the fabric side(s) and di-

rection(s) tested.

14.3.3 Report the liquid used, and sur-

face tension if other than water.

14.3.4 Report the weight of pin, if used

to submerge specimen end.

14.3.5 Report the short- and long-

period wicking distances.

14.3.6 Report the time at which test

was terminated, if applicable (see 12.6)

14.4 Report the test results:

14.4.1 Report the mean short-period

wicking rate for each direction tested.

14.4.2 Report the individual specimen

rates or standard deviation for the short

period, in each direction tested.

14.4.3 Report the mean long-period

wicking rate for each direction tested.

14.4.4 Report the individual specimen

rates or standard deviation for the long

period, in each direction tested.

14.5 Describe any modification(s) of

the published method.

15. Precision and Bias

15.1 Precision.

15.1.1 Tests for vertical wicking of tex-

tiles were conducted in 2009, with 1 lab-

oratory, 3 operators, and 5 samples. The

samples used in the study were (a) 100%

cotton jersey knit, (b) 100% cotton inter-

lock knit, (c) 100% polyester woven, (d)

100% cotton twill weave, and (e) 50/50

cotton/polyester blend woven.

15.1.2 Table I shows the means and

confidence intervals for each fabric in the

length direction. Table II shows the

means and confidence intervals for each

fabric in the width direction.

15.1.3 Between-laboratory precision

has not been established for this test

method. Until such precision informa-

tion is available, users of the method

should use standard statistical techniques

in making any comparison of test results

for between-laboratory averages.

15.2 Bias. The true value of vertical

wicking rates of textile fabrics can be de-

fined only in terms of a test method.

There is no independent method for de-

termining the true value. In estimating

this property, the test method has no

known bias.

16. Notes

16.1 Available from AATCC, PO Box

12215, Research Triangle Park NC 27709,

USA; +1.919.549.8141; ordering@aatcc.org;

www.aatcc.org.

16.2 For potential apparatus, reagents or

materials sources, visit the AATCC Buyer’s

Guide at www.aatcc.org/products/bg. AATCC

provides its Corporate members the option to

list their items and services. AATCC does not

qualify, or in any way approve, endorse or cer-

tify that any of the listings meet the specifica-

tions in its standards.

16.3 Dark fabric colors or prints and de-

signs may be difficult to test. Using soluble

marking ink of a contrasting color may help

make the marks more clearly visible. Fluores-

cent ink or wicking liquid and observation un-

der ultraviolet light (black light), flashlight or

use of thermal Infra-Red meters may also im-

prove visibility.

17. History

17.1 Revised in 2022 (with title change) in

2022 to remove wicking rate to specified

times (now TM213) and define other parame-

ters. Jurisdiction transferred to RA114.

17.2 Editorially revised 2019. Reaffirmed

2018. Editorially revised 2016. Reaffirmed

2013. Editorially revised and reaffirmed 2012.

17.3 Developed in 2011 by AATCC Com-

mittee RA63.

Provided by Accuris under license with AATCC

Licensee=Underwriters Laboratories - Ho Chi Ming City, Vie/5909636157, User=Le,

Not for Resale, 11/23/2023 20:10:19 MST

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris

--``,`,,,``,,```,`,,,,,,`````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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标签： #试验方法 #纺织品

摘要：

本指南详细介绍AATCC TM197-2022标准，用于评估纺织品在规定距离内的垂直芯吸率测试方法。该测试通过测量液体在织物条带上沿垂直方向上升的高度与时间的关系，量化织物对液态汗液或水分的传输能力。内容涵盖测试原理、样品制备（包括尺寸与数量要求）、测试液体（通常为蒸馏水或着色溶液）、试验环境（标准温湿度）、具体操作步骤（如夹持方式、标记规定距离以及记录时间点），以及结果计算与报告格式。该方法广泛应用于运动服、内衣、过滤材料和医用织物等需要高效排湿的纺织品开发与质量评估。掌握垂直芯吸率数据有助于

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AATCC TM197-2022 Test Method for Vertical Wicking Rate of Textilesto Specified Distances 纺织品垂直芯吸率的试验方法：到规定距离

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