ASTM D2344-D2344M-22 聚合物基复合材料及其层压板短梁强度的标准试验方法-北极星标准文库翻译中文版

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Designation: D2344/D2344M −22

Standard Test Method for

Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials

and Their Laminates

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation D2344/D2344M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the

year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last

reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope

1.1 This test method determines the short-beam strength of

high-modulus ﬁber-reinforced composite materials. The speci-

men is a short beam machined from a curved or a ﬂat laminate

up to 6.00 mm [0.25 in.] thick. The beam is loaded in

three-point bending.

1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-

or discontinuous-ﬁber-reinforced polymer matrix composites,

for which the elastic properties are balanced and symmetric

with respect to the longitudinal axis of the beam.

1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-

pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The

values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-

lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each

system shall be used independently of the other, and values

from the two systems shall not be combined.

1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in

brackets.

1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-

mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-

dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-

ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:

D792 Test Methods for Density and Speciﬁc Gravity (Rela-

tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement

D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics

D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced

Resins

D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics

D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite

Materials

D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials

D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Prop-

erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix

Composite Materials

D5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite

Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-

tion

E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Veriﬁcation of Test-

ing Machines

E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing

E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-

terials

E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With

Speciﬁed Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a

Lot or Process

E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in

ASTM Test Methods

E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics

E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to

Determine the Precision of a Test Method

This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on

Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on

Lamina and Laminate Test Methods.

Current edition approved July 15, 2022. Published August 2022. Originally

approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2344/D2344M – 16.

DOI: 10.1520/D2344_D2344M-22.

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

型号：D2344/D2344M −22

短梁强度试验方法：聚合物基复合材料及其层压板的短梁强度1

本标准以固定型号D2344/D2344M发布；型号后紧跟的数字表示原始采用年份，或修订时表示最后一次修订年份。括号中的

数字表示最后一次重新批准年份。上标ε（´）表示自上次修订或重新批准以来的编辑更改。

该标准已获美国国防部机构批准使用。

1.范围

1.1本试验方法测定高模量纤维增强复合材料的短梁

强度。试样是从弯曲或平直层压板上加工的短梁，厚度可

达6.00mm [0。25in.]。梁采用三点弯曲加载。

1.2本试验方法的应用仅限于连续或非连续纤维增强聚合物基

复合材料，

对于弹性特性与梁的纵轴线平衡且对称的情况。

1.3单位—所声明的SI单位或英寸‑磅单位的值应分别

视为标准。每个系统中声明的值不一定是精确等效的；因

此，为确保符合标准，每个系统应独立于其他系统使用，

并且两个系统的值不应组合。

1.3.1在文本中，英寸‑磅单位以括号显示。

1.4本标准不意图解决其使用可能存在的所有安全问

题。使用本标准的责任在于用户建立适当的安全、健康和

环境实践，并在使用前确定监管限制的适用性。

1.5本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒

（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议

的原则的决议》中确立的国际公认标准化原则开发的。

2.参考文献文献

2.1ASTM标准:2

D792塑料密度和比重（相对密度）的置换法测试方法

D883塑料术语

D2584固化增强树脂的点燃损失测试方法

D2734增强塑料空隙含量测试方法

D3171复合材料组分含量测试方法

D3878复合材料术语

D5229/D5229M聚合物基复合材料吸湿性能和平衡调

湿测试方法

D5687/D5687M平板复合材料试样制备处理指南

E4试验机力校准和验证实践

ingMachines

E6机械试验方法术语

E18金属材料的洛氏硬度试验方法

E122估计特性平均值（批或过程）的样本量计算实践，

具有指定的精度

E177ASTM试验方法中精度和偏差术语的使用实践

E456与质量和统计相关的术语

E691确定试验方法精度的实验室间研究实践

1本测试方法受ASTM复合材料委员会D30的管辖，并由D30.04级别

（层压板和层压板测试方法）直接负责。当前版本于2022年7月15日批准。

2022年8月出版。最初于1965年批准。上次先前版本于2016年批准为

D2344/D2344M–16。DOI:10.1520/D2344_D2344M‑22。

2有关引用的ASTM标准，请访问ASTM网站www.astm.org，或联系

ASTM客户服务service@astm.org。有关ASTM标准年度手册卷的信息，

请参阅ASTM网站上的标准DocumentSummary页面。

本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则开发的。

3. Terminology

3.1 Deﬁnitions—Terminology D3878 deﬁnes the terms re-

lating to high-modulus ﬁbers and their composites. Terminol-

ogy D883 deﬁnes terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6

deﬁnes terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456

and Practice E177 deﬁne terms relating to statistics. In the

event of a conﬂict between deﬁnitions, Terminology D3878

shall have precedence over the other documents.

NOTE 1—If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical

dimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in

fundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard sym-

bology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: [M]

for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [Θ] for thermodynamic temperature,

and [ nd] for nondimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restricted

to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbols

may have other deﬁnitions when used without the brackets.

3.2 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:

3.2.1 short-beam strength, n—the shear stress as calculated

in Eq 1, developed at the specimen mid-plane at the failure

event speciﬁed in 11.6.

3.2.1.1 Discussion—Although shear is the dominant applied

loading in this test method, the internal stresses are complex,

and a variety of failure modes can occur. Elasticity solutions by

Berg et al (1)

, Whitney (2), and Sullivan and Van Oene (3)

have all demonstrated inadequacies in classical beam theory in

deﬁning the stress state in the short-beam conﬁguration. These

solutions show that the parabolic shear-stress distribution as

predicted by Eq1only occurs, and then not exactly, on planes

midway between the loading nose and support points. Away

from these planes, the stress distributions become skewed, with

peak stresses occurring near the loading nose and support

points. Of particular signiﬁcance is the stress state local to the

loading nose in which the severe shear-stress concentration

combined with transverse and in-plane compressive stresses

has been shown to initiate failure. However, for the more

ductile matrices, plastic yielding may alleviate the situation

under the loading nose (1)and allow other failure modes to

occur such as bottom surface ﬁber tension (2). Consequently,

unless mid-plane interlaminar failure has been clearly

observed, the short-beam strength determined from this test

method cannot be attributed to a shear property, and the use of

Eq1will not yield an accurate value for shear strength.

3.3 Symbols:

b—specimen width

CV—sample coefficient of variation (in percent)

sbs

—short-beam strength

h—specimen thickness

n—number of specimens

—maximum load observed during the test

—measured or derived property for an individual specimen

from the sample population

x¯—sample mean (average)

4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 The short-beam test specimens (Figs. 1-4) are center-

loaded as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The specimen ends rest on

two supports that allow lateral motion, the load being applied

by means of a loading nose directly centered on the midpoint

of the test specimen.

5. Signiﬁcance and Use

5.1 In most cases, because of the complexity of internal

stresses and the variety of failure modes that can occur in this

specimen, it is not generally possible to relate the short-beam

strength to any one material property. However, failures are

normally dominated by resin and interlaminar properties, and

the test results have been found to be repeatable for a given

specimen geometry, material system, and stacking sequence

(4).

5.2 Short-beam strength determined by this test method can

be used for quality control and process speciﬁcation purposes.

It can also be used for comparative testing of composite

materials, provided that failures occur consistently in the same

mode (5).

5.3 This test method is not limited to specimens within the

range speciﬁed in Section 8, but is limited to the use of a

loading span length-to-specimen thickness ratio of 4.0 and a

minimum specimen thickness of 2.0 mm [0.08 in.].

6. Interferences

6.1 Accurate reporting of observed failure modes is essen-

tial for meaningful data interpretation, in particular, the detec-

tion of initial damage modes.

NOTE 1—Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5-1982 and ANSI/ASM

B46.1-1986.

NOTE 2—Ply orientation tolerance 60.5° relative to –B–.

FIG. 1 Flat Specimen Conﬁguration (SI)

D2344/D2344M − 22

3.术语

3.1定义—术语D3878定义了术语和它们的复合词。

与高模量有关 ﬁ术语D883定义了与塑料相关的术语。术语E6定义

了与机械测试相关的术语。术语E456和实践E177定义

了与统计学相关的术语。如果定义之间存在冲突，术语

D3878应优先于其他文件。

NOTE 1—如果术语表示一个物理量，其分析量纲将紧随术语

（或字母符号）之后以基本量纲形式表示，使用以下ASTM基本量

纲标准符号，方括号内显示： [M]表示质量， [L]表示长度， [T]表

示时间， [Θ]表示热力学温度，以及 [nd]表示无量纲量。当与方括

号一起使用时，这些符号仅用于分析量纲，因为当不使用方括号时，

这些符号可能有其他定义。

3.2本标准特定术语的定义：

3.2.1短梁强度，n—计算得到的剪应力

在公式1中，在11.6中指定的失效事件时，在试样中平面处发展

3.2.1.1讨论—尽管剪切是此试验方法中的主要施加载

荷，但内部应力很复杂，可能发生各种失效模式。Berg等

人(1)3、Whitney(2)和Sullivan和VanOene(3)的弹性解

都证明了经典梁理论在定义短梁配置中的应力状态方面的

不足。这些解表明，公式1预测的抛物线形剪应力分布仅在

加载鼻和支撑点之间的中平面处发生，而且并不完全如此。

远离这些平面，应力分布变得倾斜，峰值应力发生在加载

鼻和支撑点附近。特别重要的是加载鼻附近的应力状态，

其中严重的剪应力集中与横向和平面压缩应力相结合，已

被证明会引发失效。然而，对于更延展的基体，塑性屈服

可能在加载鼻下缓解情况(1)，并允许其他失效模式发生，

如底部表面纤维拉伸(2)。因此，除非已明确观察到中平面

层间失效，否则根据此试验方法确定的短梁强度不能归因

于剪切特性，使用公式1不会得到准确的剪切强度值。

3.3符号：

b—试样宽度

CV—样品变异系数（以百分比表示）

Fsbs—短跨强度

h—试样厚度

n—试样数量

Pm—测试期间观察到的最大载荷

xi—单个标本的测量或派生属性

来自样本群体

x¯—样本均值（平均值）

4.测试方法总结

4.1短梁测试试样（图1‑4）是中心‑

如图5和图6所示加载。试样末端支承在

两个允许侧向运动的支撑，载荷通过直接位于中点的加载鼻施加

测试试样的上。

5.意义和应用

5.1在大多数情况下，由于内部应力的复杂性和该试

样可能发生的各种破坏模式，通常无法将短梁强度与任何

单一材料性能相关联。然而，破坏通常由树脂和层间性能

主导，并且已发现测试结果对于给定的试样几何形状、材

料系统和堆叠顺序（4）是可重复的。

5.2本测试方法确定的短梁强度可用于质量控制和生

产规范目的。它也可用于复合材料的比较测试，前提是破

坏始终以相同模式发生（5）。

5.3本测试方法不仅限于第8节中规定的试样范围，但

仅限于使用加载跨度长度与试样厚度比为4.0和最小试样厚

度为2.0mm [0。08in.]。

6.干扰

6.1准确报告观察到的失效模式对于有意义的数據解

释至关重要，特别是初始损伤模式的检测。

NOTE 1—根据ANSIY14.5‑1982和ANSI/ASMB46.1‑1986进行绘图解释。

NOTE 2—层合方向公差相对于‑B‑为60.5°。图1平面样品

配置（SI）

D2344/D2344M − 22

7. Apparatus

7.1 Testing Machine, properly calibrated, which can be

operated at a constant rate of crosshead motion, and which the

error in the loading system shall not exceed 61 %. The

load-indicating mechanism shall be essentially free of inertia

lag at the crosshead rate used. Inertia lag may not exceed 1 %

of the measured load. The accuracy of the testing machine shall

be veriﬁed in accordance with Practices E4.

7.2 Loading Nose and Supports, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6,

shall be 6.00 60.50 mm [0.250 60.020 in.] and 3.00 60.40

mm [0.125 60.010 in.] diameter cylinders, respectively, with

a hardness of 60 to 62 HRC, as speciﬁed in Test Methods E18,

and shall have ﬁnely ground surfaces free of indentation and

burrs with all sharp edges relieved. The loading conﬁguration

shown in Fig. 5 is recommended for curved specimens with a

radius rto specimen thickness hratio of r/h of 5 or less. The

loading conﬁguration shown in Fig. 6 is recommended for ﬂat

specimens as well as curved specimens with a r/h ratio of

greater than 5.

7.3 Micrometers and Calipers—A micrometer witha4to

8 mm [0.16 to 0.32 in.] nominal diameter ball interface or a ﬂat

anvil interface shall be used to measure the specimen thick-

ness. A ball interface is recommended for thickness measure-

ments when at least one surface is irregular (for example, a

coarse peel ply surface which is neither smooth nor ﬂat). A

micrometer or caliper with a ﬂat anvil interface shall be used

for measuring width and length. The use of alternative mea-

surement devices is permitted if speciﬁed (or agreed to) by the

test requestor and reported by the testing laboratory. The

accuracy of the instrument(s) shall be suitable for reading

within1%ofthespecimen dimensions. For typical specimen

geometries, an instrument with an accuracy of 60.0025 mm

[60.0001 in.] is adequate for thickness measurements, while

an instrument with an accuracy of 60.025 mm [60.001 in.] is

adequate for measurement of width and length.

7.4 Conditioning Chamber—When conditioning materials

at nonlaboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level-

controlled environmental conditioning chamber is required that

shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature to

within 63°C(65 °F) and the required vapor level to within

63 %. Chamber conditions shall be monitored either on an

automated continuous basis or on a manual basis at regular

intervals.

7.5 Environmental Test Chamber—An environmental test

chamber is required for test environments other than ambient

testing laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be capable of

maintaining the test specimen at the required test environment

during the mechanical test method.

8. Sampling and Test Specimens

8.1 Sampling—Test at least ﬁve specimens per test condi-

tion unless valid results can be gained through the use of fewer

specimens, as in the case of a designed experiment. For

statistically signiﬁcant data, consult the procedures outlined in

Practice E122. Report the method of sampling.

8.2 Geometry:

8.2.1 Laminate Conﬁgurations—Both multidirectional and

pure unidirectional laminates can be tested, provided that there

are at least 10 % 0° ﬁbers in the span direction of the beam

(preferably well distributed through the thickness), and that the

laminates are both balanced and symmetric with respect to the

span direction of the beam.

8.2.2 Specimen Conﬁgurations—Typical conﬁgurations for

the ﬂat and curved specimens are shown in Figs. 1-4. For

specimen thicknesses other than those shown, the following

geometries are recommended:

Specimen length = thickness × 6; Specimen width, b=

thickness × 2.0

NOTE 2—A discussion of width-to-thickness effects is available in

Adams and Lewis (6).

8.2.2.1 For curved beam specimens, it is recommended that

the arc should not exceed 30°. Also, for these specimens, the

specimen length is deﬁned as the minimum chord length.

8.3 Specimen Preparation—Guide D5687/D5687M pro-

vides recommended specimen preparation practices and should

be followed where practical.

8.3.1 Laminate Fabrication—Laminates may be hand-laid,

ﬁlament-wound or tow-placed, and molded by any suitable

laminating means, such as press, bag, autoclave, or resin

transfer molding.

8.3.2 Machining Methods—Specimen preparation is impor-

tant for these specimens. Take precautions when cutting

specimens from the rings or plates to avoid notches, undercuts,

NOTE 1—Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5-1982 and ANSI/

ASME B46.1-1986.

NOTE 2—Ply orientation tolerance 60.5° relative to –B–.

FIG. 2 Flat Specimen Conﬁguration (Inch Pound)

D2344/D2344M − 22

7.设备

7.1测试机，应经过适当校准，能够在恒定的横头运

动速率下操作，且加载系统的误差不得超过61%。指示机

构在所使用的横头速率下应基本无惯性滞后。惯性滞后不

得超过测量载荷的1%。测试机的精度应按照E4实践进行

验证。

7.2加载鼻和支撑，如图5和图6所示，应为6.006

0.50mm [0。25060.020in.]和3.0060.40mm [0。

12560.010in.]直径的圆柱体，分别具有60至62

HRC的硬度，如E18测试方法中规定，且表面应经过精

细研磨，无压痕和毛刺，所有尖锐边缘应倒角。图5所示

的加载配置建议用于半径r与试样厚度h比率r/h为5或

更小的弯曲试样。图6所示的加载配置建议用于平面试样

以及r/h比率大于5的弯曲试样。

7.3微米和卡尺—应使用带有4至8毫米 [0。16至0.32

英寸]标称直径球面接口或平面测头接口的千分尺来测量

试样厚度。当至少有一个表面不规则时（例如，既不光滑

也不平整的粗糙剥离层表面），建议使用球面接口进行厚

度测量。应使用带有平面测头接口的千分尺或卡尺

用于测量宽度和长度。如果测试请求者指定（或同意）并

经测试实验室报告，可以使用替代测量设备。仪器的精度

应适合在试样尺寸的1%以内读数。对于典型的试样几何形

状，精度为60.0025毫米[60.0001英寸]的仪器足以用于厚

度测量，而精度为60.025毫米 [60.001英寸]的仪器足以

用于宽度和长度的测量。

7.4调节室—当在非实验室环境下调节材料时，需要温度/蒸汽

水平‑

受控环境调节室，该调节室应能够将所需温度保持在

63°C（65°F）以内，并将所需蒸汽水平保持在63%以内。

室条件应自动连续监测或定期手动监测

间隔。

7.5环境试验室—对于除环境试验实验室条件之外的

其他试验环境，需要环境试验室。该试验室应能够在机械

试验方法期间将试验试样保持在所需的试验环境中

8.采样和试样

8.1采样—每个测试条件至少测试五个试样，除非通

过使用较少的试样（如在设计实验中）可以获得有效结果。

对于具有统计显著性的数据，请参考实践E122中概述的

程序。报告采样方法。

8.2几何形状：

8.2.1层压板配置—只要梁的跨向（最好均匀分布在厚

度方向）中至少有10%的0°纤维，并且层压板相对于梁

的跨向都是平衡和对称的，就可以测试多方向和纯单向层

压板。

8.2.2试样配置—平面和弯曲试样的典型配置如图1‑

4所示。对于除图中所示以外的试样厚度，建议使用以下

几何形状：

试样长度 =厚度 × 6;试样宽度，b =

thickness × 2.0

NOTE 2—关于宽度与厚度效应的讨论可在

Adams和Lewis(6).

8.2.2.1对于弯曲梁试样，建议其弧度不应超过30°。

此外，对于这些试样，试样长度定义为最小弦长。

8.3试样准备—指南D5687/D5687M pro-

提供推荐的试样准备实践，并在实际情况下应遵循。

8.3.1层压板制造—层压板可以手工铺设、丝缠绕或带

铺设，并通过任何合适的层压方法成型，例如压制成型、

袋成型、高压釜成型或树脂传递成型。

8.3.2加工方法—试样准备对于这些试样非常重要。从环

或板材切割试样时需采取预防措施，以避免出现缺口、凹槽，

NOTE 1—根据ANSIY14.5‑1982和ANSI/ASMEB46.1‑1986进行绘图解释。

NOTE 2—层压方向公差相对于–B–为60.5°。

图2平面试样配置(英寸磅)ﬁguration(InchPound)

D2344/D2344M − 22

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标签： #标准试验 #试验方法 #标准试验方法

摘要：

本页面提供ASTM D2344-D2344M-22标准的中文翻译版，该标准由北极星标准文库整理发布，详细规定了聚合物基复合材料及其层压板短梁强度试验的方法与步骤。适用于评估复合材料在短梁剪切力作用下的力学性能，涵盖试验设备、试样制备、加载速率及结果计算等关键内容。该标准广泛用于航空、汽车、风电及体育器材等行业的材料性能验证与质量控制，帮助工程人员准确判断材料的层间剪切强度。中文翻译版便于国内研究机构与生产企业快速理解与执行国际标准，提升试验结果的可靠性与可对比性。

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ASTM D2344-D2344M-22 聚合物基复合材料及其层压板短梁强度的标准试验方法-北极星标准文库翻译中文版

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