ASTM D2047 - 25 用詹姆斯机器测量的波兰涂层地板表面的静态摩擦系数的标准测试方法

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Designation: D2047 −25
Standard Test Method for
Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Flooring
Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation D2047; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the use of the James
Machine for the measurement of the static coefficient of
friction of polish-coated ﬂooring surfaces with respect to
human locomotion safety. Further, this test method also estab-
lishes a compliance criterion to meet the requirement for a
nonhazardous polished or coated walkway surface. The test
method is not intended for use on “wet” surfaces or on surfaces
wherein the texture, projections, proﬁle or clearance between
the sculptured pattern of the surface does not permit adequate
contact between the machine foot and the test surface.
1.2 This test method is the only method appropriate for
testing polishes for speciﬁcation compliance with the ﬂoor
polish static coefficient of friction criterion.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
D1436 Test Methods for Application of Emulsion Floor
Polishes to Substrates for Testing Purposes
D1630 Test Method for Rubber Property—Abrasion Resis-
tance (Footwear Abrader)
D2825 Terminology Relating to Polishes and Related Mate-
rials
D4103 Practice for Preparation of Substrate Surfaces for
Coefficient of Friction Testing
D6205 Practice for Calibration of the James Static Coeffi-
cient of Friction Machine
E29 Practice for Using Signiﬁcant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Speciﬁcations
2.2 Federal Speciﬁcation:
KK-L-165C Leather, Cattlehide, Vegetable Tanned and
Chrome Retanned, Impregnated, and Soles.
3
Type 1–Fac-
tory (for Shoe Making), Class 6–Strips
3. Terminology
3.1 Deﬁnitions—See also Teminologies D1436 and D2825.
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, n—the ratio of the horizontal
(shear) component of force required to overcome friction, to
the vertical (normal) component of force applied.
3.1.2 dynamic coeffıcient of friction, n—the ratio of the
horizontal component of force required to cause a body to
continue to slide at a constant velocity, to the vertical compo-
nent of force applied.
3.1.3 friction, n—the resistance to relative motion devel-
oped between two solid contacting bodies at, and parallel to,
the sliding plane.
3.1.4 slip resistance, n—the frictional force opposing move-
ment of an object across its surface, usually with reference to
the sole or heel of a shoe on a ﬂoor. A surface having a static
coefficient of friction of 0.5 or greater as measured by this test
method is considered to have adequate slip resistance. That is,
it will provide the required traction for preventing or markedly
reducing the probability of slipping while walking.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D21 on Polishes
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D21.06 on Slip Resistance.
Current edition approved May 1, 2025. Published May 2025. Originally
approved in 1964 as D2047– 64T. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as
D2047 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/D2047-25.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at www.astm.org/contact. For Annual Book of
ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary
page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

3.1.5 static coeffıcient of friction, n—the ratio of the hori-

zontal component of force applied to a body that just over-

comes the friction or resistance to sliding, to the vertical

component of force applied.

4. Signiﬁcance and Use

4.1 Test Method D2047 establishes a compliance criterion

relating static coefficient of friction measurements of ﬂooring

surfaces with human locomotion safety. The compliance crite-

rion is based on extensive experiential data from residential,

commercial, industrial and institutional walkway surfaces

since 1942.

NOTE 1—The compliance criterion does not purport to address the static

coefficient of friction of contaminated ﬂooring surfaces.

4.2 Polishes and other ﬂoor coatings having a static coeffi-

cient of friction of not less than 0.5, as measured by this test

method, have been recognized as providing nonhazardous

walkways.

NOTE 2—The value of 0.5 meets the requirements for compliance with

Rule 5 on “The use of terms slip retardant, slip resistant, or terms of

similar import,” of the Proposed Trade Practice Rules for the Floor Wax

and Floor Polish Industry as issued by the Federal Trade Commission on

March 17, 1953.

4.3 The 0.5 static coefficient of friction compliance criterion

of this test method is only appropriate for polish-coated

surfaces tested in accordance with this machine and test

method. The use of this compliance criterion with other test

methods, other test instruments, and other surfaces is improper,

because they are not a part of the body of experiential data

upon which the conformance criterion is based.

NOTE 3—The conformance criteria of this test method may be valid for

other surfaces and surface coatings tested by this test method, but this has

not been substantiated by correlation with experiential data.

5. Apparatus

5.1 James Machine

—See Fig. 1.

5.2 Shoe Material

—For interlaboratory and speciﬁcation

testing, the shoe material shall be leather conforming to

Federal Speciﬁcation KK-L-165C. Other materials commonly

employed as footwear sole or heel material may be used.

However, it should be understood that the 0.5 static coefficient

of friction compliance criterion value is not relevant when such

materials are substituted for the speciﬁcation leather (Note 2

and Note 3). To date, compliance criterion values for polish

interfaces with other shoe materials have not been determined

with respect to establishing minimum requirements for non-

hazardous walkways. If a standard rubber shoe material is

required, the test rubber should be in accordance with Test

Method D1630.

NOTE 4—The static coefficient of friction measured with elastomeric

compositions are frequently as much as 0.3 to 0.5 higher than leather.

5.3 Substrate—For interlaboratory and speciﬁcation testing,

official vinyl composition tile (OVCT)

, wood panels

, or

standard ceramic tiles

shall be used.

5.3.1 If substrates other than the above standards are to be

used, they should be of uniform porosity and free of surface

irregularities which would interlock the shoe material with the

surface or otherwise impede smooth sliding of the shoe over

the ﬁlm surface.

6. Test Surface

6.1 For interlaboratory and speciﬁcation testing of ﬂoor

polishes, ﬁlms on OVCT, wood panels, or ceramic tiles shall be

prepared in accordance with Practice D4103.

7. Test Shoe Material

7.1 The size of the shoe material used by the apparatus is

3 in. by 3 in. square by 0.25 in. thick (76.2 mm by 76.2 mm by

6.4 mm).

7.2 For interlaboratory and speciﬁcation testing, the shoe

material shall be leather manufactured in accordance with

Federal Speciﬁcation KK-L-165C. Cut the 3 in. by 3 in.

(76.2 mm by 76.2 mm) specimen from the center portion of the

hide by any suitable method. Mark the direction of the grain

ﬁbers for later reference. The alignment of the sides of the test

specimen shall be along the length and width of the hide. Do

not compress the leather during cutting. Dress the edges

square.

7.3 Before use, the speciﬁcation leather should be equili-

brated at 50 %(65 %) relative humidity for one week. Be-

tween uses, the leather shoe material should be stored under

these same constant humidity conditions.

7.4 Other shoe materials may be used for individual and

speciﬁc testing purposes. If rubber is used, a standard rubber

compound conforming to Test Method D1630, Section 7.1, is

recommended. It is further recommended that the thickness of

the shoe material not be greater than 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) or less

than 0.20 in. (5.1 mm).

Engineering/machinist drawings are available from the Household & Commer-

cial Products Association (HCPA), 1625 I Street NW Suite 700, Washington, D.C.

20006. Assembled, non-motorized machines can be contracted through machine

companies, for example, Reardon Machine Company, Inc., 5015 SE Hwy 169, St.

Joseph, MO 64507, or similar specialty machining companies. Assembled, motor-

ized machines can be available from Credo Product Development, Inc, 4904

Commerce Ct. McFarland, WI 53558. These are the sole sources of supply of the

apparatus known to the committee at this time. If you are aware of alternative

suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.

Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible

technical committee,

which you may attend.

The sole source of supply of the precut speciﬁcation leather material known to

the committee at this time is available from the Household & Commercial Products

Association (HCPA), 1625 I Street NW Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20006. If you

are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM

International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a

meeting of the responsible technical committee,

which you may attend.

OVCT tile may be obtained through Armstrong Flooring from various home

improvement stores. The following Armstrong tile substrates have been found

suitable to perform adequately for this test method: Armstrong Excelon Feature Tile:

Black (56790).

Wood panels may be constructed from assembled Rock Maple shorts (Second

Grade, or better), available from Robbins, Inc., 4777 Eastern Ave., Cincinnati, OH

45226, or from local distributors for Bruce Hardwood Floors, or Harris-Tarkett

Floors. Alternatively, panels may be cut from 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) furniture grade

maple veneer plywood, available from local lumberyards or millworks.

Available from the Tile Council of North America, 100 Clemson Research

Blvd, Anderson, SC 29625. The tiles should be prepared for coating in accordance

with the procedure in Test Method D4103.

D2047 − 25

NOTE 5—The schematic is of a hand driven model. Motorized models

do not have a table transport hand wheel (o). For clarity, this depiction of

the James Machine does not show guards in place; pinch points should be

guarded in accordance with recognized safety engineering standards.

7.5 Gently sand the inside (ﬂesh) surface of the leather to

produce a uniform thickness. The ﬁnal sanding in this process

should be done by using 400 grit waterproof silicon carbide

paper

affixed to a ﬂat surface to produce a uniform surface for

mating with the shoe holder. The inside (ﬂesh) and outside

(grain) faces of the leather should be parallel to within 0.01 in.

(0.25 mm). The inside surface should be free of loose shreds of

leather, grit, and dust.

7.6 Cement the ﬂesh side of the leather to the metal shoe

(3 in. square ﬂat steel plate) using any suitable adhesive or

double-sided tape. Orient the leather on the shoe so that the

original grain of the leather is parallel to the direction of shoe

travel.

7.7 To prepare the face of the leather-shoe for interlabora-

tory and speciﬁcation testing, sand the grain face of the leather

with 400 grit paper using four passes, two parallel to the

direction of shoe travel followed by two perpendicular to the

direction of shoe travel. Remove all dust from the leather

3M-413Q, available from 3M Co., St. Paul, MN; T421, available from Norton

Co., Worcester, MA.

a—Weights i—Specimen

b—Cushion j—Shoe

c—Chart k—Test Table

d—Chart Board l—Retaining Bar

e—Spring Clip m—Back Plate

f—Recording Pencil n—Ball Bearing Rollers

g—Set Screw o—Table Transport wheel

h—Strut p—Shoe holder

FIG. 1 James Machine

D2047 − 25

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标签： #测量 #测试方法 #涂层

摘要：

本页面详细介绍 ASTM D2047 - 25 标准，即通过詹姆斯机器测量抛光涂层地板表面静态摩擦系数的标准测试方法。该标准由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布，最新版本为2025年版，旨在为地板涂层行业提供统一、可重复的摩擦系数测试程序。标准规定使用詹姆斯机器对抛光处理后的地板表面进行评估，测量其静态摩擦系数，以确保地板在正常使用条件下具备足够的防滑性能。文中涵盖测试原理、设备校准要求、样品制备步骤、测试环境条件以及结果计算与判定规则。对于地板涂层制造商、建筑师、检测机构及安全工程师而言，了解

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ASTM D2047 - 25 用詹姆斯机器测量的波兰涂层地板表面的静态摩擦系数的标准测试方法

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