ASTM D2584 - 18

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Designation: D2584 −18

Standard Test Method for

Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation D2584; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ignition

loss of cured reinforced resins. This ignition loss shall be

considered to be the resin content within the limitations of 4.2.

1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the

standard.

1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the

response of composite material to heat under controlled

conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all of the factors

required for ﬁre hazard or ﬁre assessments of the composite

materials under actual ﬁre conditions.

1.4 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-

guards for personnel and property shall be employed in

conducting these tests.

1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-

mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-

dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-

ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:

D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing

E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to

Determine the Precision of a Test Method

E2935 Practice for Conducting Equivalence Testing in

Laboratory Applications

3. Summary of Test Method

3.1 The specimen contained in a crucible is ignited and

allowed to burn until only ash and carbon remain. The

carbonaceous residue is reduced to an ash by heating in a

muffle furnace at 565°C (1050°F), cooled in a desiccator, and

weighed.

4. Signiﬁcance and Use

4.1 This test method is used to obtain the ignition loss of a

cured reinforced resin sample.

NOTE 2—The basic concept of burning off of the organic matrix of a

reinforced polymer composite has also been shown to be a useful method

for enabling a visual examination of the ﬁber architecture or laminate

structure of some reinforcements.

4.2 If only glass fabric or ﬁlament is used as the reinforce-

ment of an organic resin that is completely decomposed to

volatile materials under the conditions of this test and the small

amount of volatiles (water, residual solvent) that are potentially

present are ignored, the ignition loss shall be considered to be

the resin content of the sample.

4.2.1 This test method does not provide a measure of resin

content for samples containing reinforcing materials that lose

weight under the conditions of the test or containing resins or

ﬁllers that do not decompose to volatile materials released by

ignition.

5. Apparatus

5.1 Crucible, platinum or porcelain, approximately 30-mL

capacity.

5.2 Electric Muffle Furnace, capable of maintaining a tem-

perature of 565 628°C (1050 650°F).

6. Test Specimen

6.1 A minimum of three specimens shall be tested for each

sample.

NOTE 3—It is often convenient to use samples obtained from specimens

that have been tested for mechanical properties such as ﬂexural or tensile

This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics

and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced Thermoset-

ting Plastics.

Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally

approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D2584 - 11. DOI:

10.1520/D2584-18.

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

strength. Specimens obtained from these samples must be dry and the

fractured areas removed, leaving square, unfrayed faces, before being

weighed and ignited.

6.2 The specimen shall weigh approximately 5 g with a

maximum size of 2.5 by 2.5 cm by thickness (1 by 1 in. by

thickness).

NOTE 4—Materials that have gross differences in the ratio of resin to

reinforcement within an area as small as 2.5 by 2.5 cm (1 by 1 in.) may

require a larger specimen area than that listed in 6.2. If larger specimens

are utilized, it will be necessary to cut into approximately 2.5 by 2.5-cm

(1 by 1-in.) pieces and place in a crucible of sufficient size to contain the

specimen.

7. Conditioning

7.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 2362°C

(73.4 63.6°F) and 50 610 % relative humidity for not less

than 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of

Practice D618 for those tests where conditioning is required. In

cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F)

and 65 % relative humidity.

7.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard labora-

tory atmosphere of 23 62°C (73.4 63.6°F) and 50 610 %

relative humidity, unless otherwise speciﬁed in the test meth-

ods or in the speciﬁcation. In cases of disagreement, the

tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F) and 610 % relative humid-

ity.

8. Procedure

8.1 Heat a crucible at 500 to 600°C for 10 min or more.

Cool to room temperature in a desiccator and weigh to the

nearest 1.0 mg. The desiccator is not required if the test is

performed only to examine the ﬁber architecture.

8.2 Place the specimen in the crucible and weigh to the

nearest 1.0 mg. Heat the crucible and specimen in a bunsen

ﬂame until the contents ignite. Maintain such a temperature

that the specimen burns at a uniform and moderate rate until

only ash and carbon remain when the burning ceases.

NOTE 5—It is not absolutely necessary to ignite the specimen in a

bunsen ﬂame. Instead the crucible and contents can be placed in a muffle

furnace at a temperature lower than 565°C and ignited. Care must be taken

that the ignition does not proceed so rapidly that there will be a

mechanical loss of the noncombustible residue.

8.3 Heat the crucible and residue in the muffle furnace at

565 628°C (1050 650°F) until all carbonaceous material has

disappeared (Note 6). Cool the crucible to room temperature in

a desiccator and weight to the nearest 1.0 mg.

NOTE 6—The time for the carbonaceous residue to disappear is

dependent largely on the specimen geometry. It can be up to 6 h but is

usually much less.

8.4 Bring the crucible and residue to constant weight within

1.0 mg.

9. Calculations

9.1 Calculate the ignition loss of the specimen in weight

percent as follows:

Ignition loss, weight % 5

3100 (1)

where:

= weight of specimen, g, and

= weight of residue, g.

9.2 Average the 3 specimen values to obtain the sample

average.

(

n21

(2)

where:

s= estimated standard deviation,

X= value of a single observation,

n= number of observations,

¯= arithmetic mean of the set of observations.

9.3 Subtract the lowest specimen ignition loss from the

highest specimen ignition loss for the sample and report as the

ignition loss range.

10. Report

10.1 Report the following information:

10.1.1 Complete identiﬁcation of the material.

10.1.2 The ignition loss, weight percent of the sample, and

standard deviation. If only glass reinforcement and organic

resin were present, the ignition loss shall be considered to be

the resin content.

10.1.3 Observations in regard to any irregularities noted in

the physical properties of the residue, such as melting.

11. Precision and Bias

11.1 Table 1 is based on a round robin conducted in 2001 in

accordance with Practice E691, involving two materials tested

by seven laboratories (six for pultruded rod). For each material,

all the samples were prepared at one source, but the individual

specimens were prepared at the laboratories which tested them.

Each test result was the average of three individual determi-

nations. Each laboratory obtained two test results for each

material. (Warning—The explanation of “r” and “R” in 11.2

and 11.3 are only intended to present a meaningful way of

considering the approximate precision of this test method. The

data in Table 1 should not be applied to acceptance or rejection

of materials, as these data apply only to the materials tested in

the round robin and are unlikely to be rigorously representative

TABLE 1 Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resin

Material Values expressed in % loss

Average S

Glass Reinforced

Laminate

36.30 2.57 2.57 7.21 7.21

Pultruded Rod 21.36 0.289 0.940 0.0808 0.2632

= within laboratory standard deviation for the indicated material. It is obtained

by pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test results for all of the

participating laboratories:

{.1

= between-laboratories reproducibility, expressed as standard deviation:

where S

= standard deviation of laboratory means.

r = within-laboratory critical interval between tow test results = 2.8 × S

R = between-laboratories critical interval between tow test results = 2.8 × S

D2584 − 18

of other lots, formulations, conditions, materials, or laborato-

ries. Users of this test method should apply the principles

outlined in Practice E691 to generate data speciﬁc to their

materials and laboratory (or between speciﬁc laboratories). The

principles of 11.2 – 11.2.3 are valid for such data.)

11.2 Concept of “r” and “R” in Table 1—If S

and S

have

been calculated from a large enough body of data, and for test

results that were averages from testing two specimens for each

test result, then:

11.2.1 Repeatability Limit (r)—The value below which the

absolute difference between two individual test results obtained

under repeatability conditions is likely to occur with a prob-

ability of approximately 0.95 (95 %).

11.2.2 Reproducibility Limit (R)—The value below which

the absolute difference between two individual test results

obtained under reproducibility conditions is likely to occur

with a probability of approximately 0.95 (95 %).

11.2.3 Conduct equivalence testing on numerical data from

two sources in accordance with Practice E2935 or any known

method for judging the equivalence of two means, for example

a t-test.

11.3 There are no recognized standards by which to estimate

bias of this method.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned

in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk

of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ﬁve years and

if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards

and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the

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make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,

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D2584 − 18

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摘要：

ASTM D2584 - 18 是 ASTM 国际标准组织发布的关于增强塑料及其模制复合材料的烧失量测试标准方法，适用于测定玻璃纤维增强塑料、碳纤维复合材料及热固性树脂中可燃或挥发组分的质量分数。该标准通过将样品在高温炉中加热至 565°C 至 600°C，使树脂基体完全燃烧或分解，从而通过质量损失计算纤维含量或填料比例，为材料质量控制、制造工艺评估及研发提供关键数据。ASTM D2584-18 版本更新了实验步骤精度、样品制备要求及测试结果的计算方式，强调对石英坩埚、马弗炉温度均匀性及重复性条

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ASTM D2584 - 18

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