ASTM D5183 - 25 使用四球磨损试验机测定润滑剂摩擦系数的标准试验方法

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Designation: D5183 −25

Standard Test Method for

Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants

Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation D5183; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope*

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the

coefficient of friction by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test

Machine.

1.2 The values stated in either SI units or in the former

cm-kgf metric units are to be regarded separately as the

standard. Within the text the cm-kgf units are shown in

parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact

equivalents, therefore each system must be used independently

of the other. Combining values from the two systems can result

in nonconformance to speciﬁcation.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-

mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Speciﬁc warning statements are given in 7.3 and 7.4.

1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-

dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-

ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:

D4172 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of

Lubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)

2.2 ANSI/ABMA/ISO Standard:

3290-1-2014 (R2024) Rolling Bearings – Balls – Part 1:

Steel Balls

3. Terminology

3.1 Deﬁnitions:

3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, (µ), n—the ratio of the tangential

force that is needed to start or to maintain uniform relative

motion between two contacting surfaces to the perpendicular

force holding them in contact.

4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 Three 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diameter steel balls are clamped

together and covered with 10 mL of the wear-in lubricant. A

fourth 12.7 mm diameter ball, referred to as the “top ball” is

pressed with a force of 392 N (40 kgf) into the cavity formed

by the three clamped balls for three-point contact. The tem-

perature of the wear-in lubricant is regulated at 75 °C (167 °F),

and then, the top ball is rotated at 600 r ⁄min for 60 min.

4.2 Fluid is discarded and balls cleaned. The wear scar

diameter on each of the lower three balls is examined. If the

wear scars average 0.67 mm 60.03 mm, (0.026 in. 6

0.001 in.) then the 10 mL of test ﬂuid is added to the ball cup

with the worn-in test balls in place. The temperature of the test

lubricant is regulated at 75 °C (167 °F) and the top ball is

rotated at 600 r ⁄min at 98.1 N (10 kgf) for 10 min.

4.3 The load is then increased by 98.1 N (10 kgf) at the end

of each successive 10 min interval up to the point where the

frictional trace indicates incipient seizure. The coefficient of

friction is measured at the end of each 10 min interval.

5. Signiﬁcance and Use

5.1 This test method can be used to determine the coefficient

of friction of lubricating ﬂuids under the prescribed test

conditions. The user of this test method should determine to his

own satisfaction whether results of this test method correlate

with ﬁeld performance or other bench test machines.

This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on

Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of

Subcommittee D02.L0.11 on Tribological Properties of Industrial Fluids and

Lubricates.

Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2025. Published December 2025. Originally

approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D5183 – 21a. DOI:

10.1520/D5183-25.

The sole source of supply of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine known to the

committee at this time is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If

you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM

International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a

meeting of the responsible technical committee,

which you may attend.

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at www.astm.org/contact. For Annual Book of

ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary

page on the ASTM website.

Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1180 Avenue of

the Americas, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

6. Apparatus

6.1 Four-Ball Test Machine

—See Figs. 1-3.

NOTE 1—It is important to distinguish between the Four-Ball E.P. and

the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine (see Test Method D4172). The Four-Ball

E.P. Test Machine is designed for testing under heavier loads and lacks the

sensitivity necessary for wear tests.

6.2 Microscope,

capable of measuring the diameters of the

scars produced on the three balls to an accuracy of 0.01 mm

without removal from the ball test cup.

6.3 Test Balls, Test balls shall be made of chrome alloy steel

(AISI 52100), with diameter of 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) and dimen-

sional tolerance and surface ﬁnish conforming to Grade 5 of

ISO 3290-1:2014 (R2024). The hardness shall be 64 to 66

Rockwell C.

7. Reagents and Materials

7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be

used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that

all reagents conform to the speciﬁcations of the Committee on

Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where

such speciﬁcations are available.

Other grades may be used,

provided it is ﬁrst ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently

high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of

the determination.

7.2 Wear-In Lubricant, white oil having a viscosity at 40 °C

of 24.3 cSt to 26.1 cSt (100 °F of 125/135 SUS). It should be

percolated through activated alumina to remove any residual

impurities.

7.3 Acetone—(Warning—Flammable. Health hazard.)

7.4 n-Heptane—(Warning—Flammable. Health hazard.)

8. Preparation of Apparatus

8.1 Set up the drive of the machine to obtain a spindle speed

of 600 r ⁄min 630 r ⁄min.

8.2 Set temperature regulator to produce a test-oil tempera-

ture of 75 °C 62 °C (167 °F 64 °F).

8.3 If an automatic timer is used to terminate a test, it should

be checked for the required 61 min accuracy at 60 min elapsed

time, and 610 s at 10 min elapsed time.

8.4 The loading mechanism should be balanced to a zero

reading with all parts and test oil in place. To demonstrate

proper precision an addition or subtraction of 2.0 N (0.2 kgf)

should be detectable in imbalance. Determination of accuracy

of loading at 147 N and 392 N (15 kgf and 40 kgf) is difficult

and generally limited to careful measurement of lever-arm

ratios and weights or piston diameter and pressure gauge

calibration.

NOTE 2—Because of differences in the construction of the various

machines on which the four-ball can be made, the manufacturer’s

instructions should be consulted for proper machine set up and operation.

9. Conditioning

9.1 Test Conditions—See Table 1.

10. Procedure

10.1 Thoroughly clean four test balls, clamping parts for

upper and lower balls and the ball cup by ﬁrst soaking in

heptane for 1 min and then with sonic agitation for 10 s. Drain

and rinse with fresh heptane.

The Four-Ball Wear Test Machine and the Falex Multi-Specimen Friction and

Wear Test Machine, both made by Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL

60554 have been found satisfactory for this purpose. This company can also furnish

a microscope with a special base to measure the wear scars without removing the

balls from the test-oil cup. Discontinued models of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine

made by Precision Scientiﬁc Co. and Roxana Machine Works are also satisfactory.

ACS Reagent Chemicals, Speciﬁcations and Procedures for Reagents and

Standard-Grade Reference Materials, American Chemical Society, Washington,

DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by the American Chemical

Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset,

U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, U.S. Pharma-

copeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.

FIG. 1 Schematic of a Four-Ball Wear Test Machine

FIG. 2 Falex Variable—Speed Four-Ball Wear Test Machine

D5183 − 25

10.1.1 Repeat 10.1 using acetone. Blow dry under a stream

of nitrogen gas. After cleaning, handle all parts using only a

fresh wipe. No trace of solvent should remain when wear-in

lubricant is introduced and the machine assembled.

10.2 Tighten one of the clean balls into the spindle of the

test machine.

10.3 Assemble three of the clean balls in the test-oil cup.

10.4 Pour the wear-in lubricant indicated in 7.2 into the

test-oil cup to a level at least 3 mm (

⁄

in.) above the top of the

balls. Observe that this oil level still exists after the lubricant

ﬁlls all of the voids in the test oil cup assembly.

10.5 Install the test-oil cup/three balls in the machine and

avoid shock loading by slowly applying the test load 392 N

(40 kgf).

10.6 Turn on the heaters and set controls to obtain 75 °C 6

2 °C (167 °F 64 °F). Heater voltage or offset on proportional

controllers should be capable of bringing stabilized tempera-

ture within the prescribed limits.

10.7 When the test temperature is reached, start the drive

motor that was previously set to drive the top ball at 600 r ⁄min

630 r ⁄min. Machines with automatic start using a propor-

tional controller will start below the set temperature. Set the

proportional band so that test machines start at temperatures

2 °C (4 °F) below the set point temperature.

10.8 After the drive motor has been on for 60 min 61 min,

turn off the heaters and drive motor and remove the test-oil cup

and three-ball assembly.

10.9 Measure the wear scars on the three lower balls to an

accuracy of 60.01 mm by the following method described in

10.10.

10.10 Drain the test oil from the three-ball assembly and

wipe the scar area with a tissue. Leave the three balls

clamped and set the assembly on a special base of a micro-

scope that has been designed for the purpose. Make two

measurements on each of the wear scars. Take one measure-

ment of the scar along a radial line from the center of the

holder. Take the second measurement along a line 90° from the

ﬁrst measurement. If a scar is elliptical take one measurement

with the striations and the other across the striations. Take care

to ensure that the line of sight is perpendicular to the surface

being measured. Average the six readings and report as wear-in

FIG. 3 Falex Multi-Specimen Friction and Wear Test Machine

TABLE 1 Test Conditions

Wear-In Test

Temperature 75 °C ± 2 °C

(167 °F ± 4 °F)

75 °C ± 2 °C

(167 °F ± 4 °F)

Speed 600 r/min 600 r/min

Duration 60 min 10 min

Load 392 N (40 kgf) per 60 min 98.1 N (10 kgf) per 10 min

increment to a load that

indicates incipient seizure

(sudden increase in friction

force value over steady state)

on the friction trace

D5183 − 25

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标签： #标准试验 #试验方法 #标准试验方法

摘要：

本页面详细介绍ASTM D5183 - 25标准，即使用四球磨损试验机测定润滑剂摩擦系数的标准试验方法。该标准由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布，旨在通过四球摩擦试验机精确测量润滑剂在不同载荷和温度条件下的摩擦系数，帮助工程师和质量控制人员评估润滑剂在边界润滑状态下的减摩性能与稳定性。本文涵盖试验原理、试样制备、设备校准、操作步骤及数据解读要点，适用于润滑油、润滑脂、添加剂及基础油等流体润滑材料的性能测试。了解ASTM D5183 - 25的最新修订内容、测试条件设置（如转速、负荷、时间）及其

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