ASTM D7053 - D 7053M - 17

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Designation: D7053/D7053M −17

Standard Guide for

Determining and Evaluating Causes of Water Leakage of

Low-Sloped Roofs

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation D7053/D7053M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the

year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last

reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope

1.1 This guide describes methods for determining and

evaluating causes of water leakage in low-sloped roofs. For

this purpose, water penetration is considered leakage and

therefore problematic, is causing or is likely to cause premature

deterioration of the roof, building or its contents, or is

adversely affecting the performance of other components of the

building. A roof is considered an assembly including the

membrane, insulation, vapor retarder (if required), deck, and

structural components.

1.1.1 This guide excludes moisture-related problems in

roofs caused by condensation.

NOTE 1—Condensation—Moisture-related problems in roof systems

may be caused by condensation of humid air originating from within the

building and be incorrectly attributed to leakage from rain water. The

protocol for an investigation of dampness due to condensation and is

complicated, requires special expertise, and is beyond the scope of this

guide. For information regarding condensation problems as they relate to

roofs, refer to ASTM MNL 18,

ASTM MNL 40,

and ASHRAE

Handbook 2005 Fundamentals.

1.2 Investigative techniques discussed in this guide may be

intrusive, disruptive, or destructive. It is the responsibility of

the investigator to establish the limitations of use, to anticipate

and advise of the destructive nature of some procedures, and to

plan for repairing and selective reconstruction as necessary.

1.3 This guide does not address steep-sloped roofs, standing

or ﬂat seam metal roofs, or architectural standing seam metal

roofs.

1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units

are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in

each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each

system shall be used independently of the other. Combining

values from the two systems may result in non-conformance

with the standard.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:

C1153 Practice for Location of Wet Insulation in Rooﬁng

Systems Using Infrared Imaging

D1079 Terminology Relating to Rooﬁng and Waterprooﬁng

D7186 Practice for Quality Assurance Observation of Roof

Construction and Repair

3. Terminology

3.1 Refer to Terminology D1079.

3.2 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:

3.2.1 condensation—the conversion of water vapor to liquid

as the temperature drops or atmospheric pressure rises.

3.2.2 water leakage—the passage of (liquid) water through

a material or system designed to prevent the passage of water.

4. Signiﬁcance and Use

4.1 This guide is intended to provide building professionals

with a methodology for evaluating water leakage through

low-sloped roofs. It addresses the service history of a roof, the

various components of a roof, and the interaction between

these components and adjacent construction. It is not intended

as a construction quality control procedure, as speciﬁed in

Practice D7186, nor as a preconstruction qualiﬁcation proce-

dure. It is intended for evaluating water leakage through a

low-sloped roof.

4.1.1 Qualiﬁcations—Use of this guide requires a back-

ground as an architect, engineer, roof/waterprooﬁng consultant,

rooﬁng contractor, or related profession with an understanding

in building construction and the expertise in the design,

installation, and maintenance of low-sloped roofs.

This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Rooﬁng and

Waterprooﬁng and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.20 on Rooﬁng

Membrane Systems.

Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published January 2017. Originally

approved in 2007. Last previous version approved in 2011 as D7053/D7053M – 11.

DOI: 10.1520/D7053_D7053M-17.

Treschel, H. R., ed., Manual on Moisture Control in Buildings, MNL 18, ASTM

International, 1994.

Treschel, H. R., ed., Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control in Building

Envelopes, MNL 40, ASTM International, 2003.

ASHRAE Handbook 2005 Fundamentals, available from American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791

Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, http://www.ashrae.org.

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

4.1.2 Application—The sequential activities described

herein are intended to produce an evaluation program, but all

activities may not be applicable or necessary for a particular

evaluation program. It is the responsibility of the professional

using this guide to determine the activities and sequence

necessary to perform an appropriate leakage evaluation for a

speciﬁc low-sloped roof on a building.

4.1.3 Preliminary Assessment—A preliminary assessment

may indicate that water leakage problems are limited to a

speciﬁc element or portion of a low-sloped roof. The evalua-

tion of causes may be limited in scope, and the procedures

recommended herein abridged according to the professional

judgment of the investigator. A statement stipulating the limits

of the investigation should be included in the report.

4.1.4 Expectations—Expectations about the overall effec-

tiveness of an evaluation program must be reasonable, and in

proportion to a deﬁned scope of work. This guide is intended

to address leakage of a low-sloped roof system, leading to

conclusions that can generally be applied to similar or other

locations on the roof. Since every possible location is not

included in an evaluation program, it is probable that every

leak source will not be identiﬁed. Leak sources that are

localized and unique may remain, and require speciﬁc and

localized evaluation effort.

4.2 This guide is not intended as a design guide. Reference

is made to design features of a low-sloped roof only for the

purpose of identifying items of interest for consideration in the

evaluation process.

4.3 This guide does not address leakage through walls not

associated with roof construction, fenestration, or leakage

below-grade. It is not intended for use with structures designed

to retain water, such as pools, fountains, and vegetative roofs.

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO AN EVALUATION

5. Overview

5.1 The methodology presented in this guide is intended to

provide a systematic approach to evaluating roof leaks, and is

applicable to any low-sloped roof system. The sequence of

activities is intended to lead to an accumulation of information

in an orderly and efficient manner, so that each step enhances

and supplements the information gathered in the preceding

step.

5.1.1 Sequence of Activities—The recommended sequence

of activities, discussed in individual sections below are:

5.1.1.1 Review of project documents.

5.1.1.2 Evaluation of original roof design concept.

5.1.1.3 Determination and review of service history.

5.1.1.4 Inspection.

5.1.1.5 Investigative testing.

5.1.1.6 Analysis.

5.1.1.7 Report preparation.

5.2 Analysis and Interpretation—The information gathered

during a leakage evaluation is analyzed as it is acquired. It is

not the intent of this guide to imply that the analysis and

interpretation of the information occurs only at the completion

of all activities.

6. Review of Project Documents

6.1 Ideally, project documents, including roof component

shop drawings, will be available and accessible for review. The

discussion in this section assumes that a project was organized

on a conventional owner/design professional/contractor model.

Projects can be delivered in various ways, and the method used

will dictate the appropriate organization of the project docu-

ments. The information discussed below should be available

for review somewhere in the project documents.

6.1.1 Design, Bidding, and Contract Documents—These

documents include architectural and engineering drawings,

speciﬁcations, and may include correspondence, meeting

minutes, addenda, substitution proposals, product literature,

test reports, survey reports prepared by others, shop drawings,

and so forth. They contain the information necessary to

understand the performance criteria, the design intent,

materials, and relationships among the roof components.

6.1.1.1 Documents may be revised or supplemented over

the course of construction. Revisions to drawings are typically

recorded by number and date, with a cross reference to other

accompanying documents. Reviewing all revisions and under-

standing the differences between them and the reason for the

differences is part of the evaluation.

6.1.1.2 Documents with the most recent issue date and the

highest revision number establish the requirements for the

project. A set of documents marked “as-built” or “record set”

are intended to show the actual construction and may be

available.

6.2 Referenced Codes and Standards—Project documents

usually contain references to regulatory codes, industry

standards, or manufacturer installation requirements.

Standards, referenced codes, and manufacturer information

often contain default or minimum criteria to establish the

performance criteria for the roof. Conﬂicts between the refer-

enced documents and those stated in the project documents

should not be assumed to be a cause of leakage without further

investigation.

6.2.1 Regulatory codes, industry standards, and manufac-

turer installation requirements change over time. The version

of these documents examined as part of the review of project

documents should be those listed with dates in the project

documents, or if not listed with dates, those in effect when the

building permit was issued.

6.3 Submittals—Additional documents are generated after

the award of contracts and are submitted to the design

professional for review and inclusion in the project record. The

submittals usually apply to a speciﬁc material, component,

assembly, or installation method, and the information con-

tained will augment the project documents. There can be a

number of revisions to submittals prior to ﬁnal approval. The

standard for the project is set by the submittals approved by the

design professional. Submittals can include shop drawings, test

reports, product literature, manufacturers’ recommendations,

installation and maintenance guidelines, warranties, etc.

6.3.1 Test reports provided by manufacturers and suppliers

should have been performed by an independent laboratory or

witnessed by an independent agency (if requested by the

D7053/D7053M − 17

customer). Review the test dates and the description of what

was tested to determine if and how the information actually

applies to the project.

6.3.2 Manufacturers’ and suppliers’ information, and the

exclusionary language in warranties, may suggest circum-

stances under which one or more of the components may not

function properly. Project conditions should be evaluated to

determine if an appropriate product selection had been made.

6.3.3 Submittals should be reviewed for maintenance rec-

ommendations and guidelines.

6.4 Pre-Qualiﬁcation and Mock-Up Reports—Compliance

with speciﬁc project requirements may have been demon-

strated by a mock-up test. The mock-up report should contain

a clear and complete description of changes necessary to pass

the test. Project documents should incorporate these changes,

and they should be reﬂected in the actual construction. Failure

to incorporate these changes should be considered as a possible

cause of water leakage.

6.5 Additional Construction Documents—Additional con-

struction documents that record changes, decisions, and activi-

ties during the construction phase may include bulletins,

requests for information (RFI), clariﬁcations, change orders,

directives, progress photos, inspection and quality assurance

reports, test reports, meeting minutes, and correspondence. The

information in these documents may modify or supersede the

design documents.

6.6 Local Practices—An understanding of local practices

will permit a thorough assessment of the project roof design

and construction. The actual construction may be inﬂuenced in

an undocumented manner by local practices.

6.7 Missing Documents—Project documents may be un-

available or have missing parts. This situation will require the

determination of existing and as-built conditions. The informa-

tion may need to be generated from observations and measure-

ments of the building.

7. Evaluation of Design Concept

7.1 Design Concept—Review of the project documents

should reveal what requirements had been speciﬁed for the

roof.

7.2 Effıcacy of the Design—The design shall include prop-

erly selected components. The details must provide for the

interfacing and integration of components so that each one can

perform collectively and function as a system. The details must

also address issues such as construction tolerances, material

compatibilities, terminations, penetrations, and building move-

ment. A careful evaluation of the design will indicate incon-

sistencies that may contribute to leakage.

7.3 Exposure—Based on an analysis of local weather con-

ditions and the location and geometry of the building, identify

the actual weather conditions during periods of leakage. These

conditions can be correlated with service history, described in

the next section, to help establish a protocol for the evaluation

process.

8. Determination of Service History

8.1 Gathering information on the service history related to

leakage problems serves two purposes. First, patterns in the

observed leakage and visible damage can provide an indication

of the cause(s) and where to focus an investigation. Second, the

information provides a checklist against which failure theories

and conclusions can be evaluated. A comprehensive diagnostic

program should result in an explanation for most, if not all,

aspects of the observed leaks and damage.

8.1.1 Document Physical Symptoms of Leaks:

8.1.1.1 Make a detailed visual inspection of both the interior

and exterior. Locations that should be checked for indications

of leakage include but are not limited to:

(1) Intersection of the roof with walls, parapets, and curbs.

(2) Perimeter gravel stops.

(3) Roof drains, overﬂow drains, and scuppers.

(4) Base ﬂashing.

(5) Roof slope.

(6) Mechanical units.

(7) Curbs and equipment rails.

(8) Expansion joints.

(9) Field seams and laps.

(10) Punctures, splits, or tears in membrane or ﬂashing.

(11) Utility and building service penetrations.

(12) Gutters and downspouts.

(13) Cap ﬂashing.

(14) Pitch pans.

(15) Door sills.

(16) Penthouse or parapet walls.

(17) Counterﬂashings.

(18) Surface-mounted ﬂashing.

(19) Reglets.

(20) Weep holes in masonry walls.

8.1.1.2 Note all locations of past and existing water damage,

including, but not limited to, the following:

(1) Wet, damp, or water-saturated surfaces in the building

interior.

(2) Color differences caused by organic growth, staining, or

corrosion in the building interior.

(3) Staining, indicating the ﬂow or accumulation of water.

(4) Interior areas repaired or patched due to prior leakage.

(5) Blistering surface of interior ﬁnishes that can indicate

wetting.

8.2 Interviews—Interview occupants, maintenance

personnel, subcontractors, tradesmen, or other ﬁrst-hand ob-

servers. Obtain information that will help correlate leakage

with building features and other events, such as:

8.2.1 The apparent origination point of a leak.

8.2.2 The exterior environmental conditions under which

the leak occurs.

8.2.3 The frequency and initiation of occurrence, especially

if the occurrence is exceptional or occurs under extreme

conditions.

8.2.4 For leaks that occur during rains, ascertain if a leak:

8.2.4.1 Occurs immediately after the onset of rain or after a

period of time elapses.

8.2.4.2 Stops immediately when the rain stops, or continues

for a period of time after the rain ends.

D7053/D7053M − 17

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摘要：

ASTM D7053 - D 7053M - 17 是一项由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）制定的标准规范，主要针对木地板和木基板材的耐潮性能测试方法。该标准详细规定了如何评估木地板在潮湿环境下的尺寸稳定性、表面质量及粘合性能的变化，适用于实木地板、工程木地板及复合地板等多种产品。通过采用标准化的湿热循环和浸泡测试，该规范帮助生产商、检测机构和建筑商准确判断材料在不同湿度条件下的抗变形能力，从而确保产品的长期使用可靠性和安装安全性。本版本于2017年发布，替代了早期版本，并统一了公制与英制单位（D

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