ASTM E140 - 12b (2019)e1

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Designation: E140 −12b (Reapproved 2019)

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Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for

Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superﬁcial Hardness, Knoop

Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in May 2019.

1. Scope*

1.1 Conversion Table 1 presents data in the Rockwell C

hardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness,

Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell superﬁcial

hardness, Knoop hardness, and Scleroscope hardness of non-

austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and tool steels in the

as-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and tempered

conditions provided that they are homogeneous.

1.2 Conversion Table 2 presents data in the Rockwell B

hardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness,

Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell superﬁcial

hardness, Knoop hardness, and Scleroscope hardness of non-

austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and tool steels in the

as-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and tempered

conditions provided that they are homogeneous.

1.3 Conversion Table 3 presents data on the relationship

among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,

Rockwell superﬁcial hardness, and Knoop hardness of nickel

and high-nickel alloys (nickel content over 50 %). These

hardness conversion relationships are intended to apply par-

ticularly to the following: nickel-aluminum-silicon specimens

ﬁnished to commercial mill standards for hardness testing,

covering the entire range of these alloys from their annealed to

their heavily cold-worked or age-hardened conditions, includ-

ing their intermediate conditions.

1.4 Conversion Table 4 presents data on the relationship

among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,

and Rockwell superﬁcial hardness of cartridge brass.

1.5 Conversion Table 5 presents data on the relationship

between Brinell hardness and Rockwell B hardness of auste-

nitic stainless steel plate in the annealed condition.

1.6 Conversion Table 6 presents data on the relationship

between Rockwell hardness and Rockwell superﬁcial hardness

of austenitic stainless steel sheet.

1.7 Conversion Table 7 presents data on the relationship

among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,

Rockwell superﬁcial hardness, and Knoop hardness of copper.

1.8 Conversion Table 8 presents data on the relationship

among Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, and Vickers

hardness of alloyed white iron.

1.9 Conversion Table 9 presents data on the relationship

among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,

and Rockwell superﬁcial hardness of wrought aluminum prod-

ucts.

1.10 Conversion Table 10 presents data in the Rockwell C

hardness range on the relationship among Leeb (Type D)

hardness, Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, and Rockwell

hardness of non-austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and

tool steels in the as-forged, annealed, normalized, and

quenched and tempered conditions provided that they are

homogeneous.

1.11 Many of the conversion values presented herein were

obtained from computer-generated curves of actual test data.

Most Rockwell hardness numbers are presented to the nearest

0.1 or 0.5 hardness number to permit accurate reproduction of

these curves.

1.12 Annex A1 – Annex A10 contain equations to convert

from one hardness scale to another. The equations given in

Annex A1 – Annex A9 were developed from the data in Tables

1to 9, respectively. The equations given in Annex A10 were

developed at the time the Leeb hardness test was invented (see

Appendix X2). The data in Table 10 was calculated from the

Annex A10 equations.

1.13 Conversion of hardness values should be used only

when it is impossible to test the material under the conditions

speciﬁed, and when conversion is made it should be done with

discretion and under controlled conditions. Each type of

These conversion tables are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on

Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on

Indentation Hardness Testing.

Current edition approved April 15, 2019. Published May 2019. Originally

approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E140 – 12b

ɛ1

. DOI:

10.1520/E0140-12R19E01.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

hardness test is subject to certain errors, but if precautions are
carefully observed, the reliability of hardness readings made on
instruments of the indentation type will be found comparable.
Differences in sensitivity within the range of a given hardness
scale (for example, Rockwell B) may be greater than between
two different scales or types of instruments. The conversion
values, whether from the tables or calculated from the
equations, are only approximate and may be inaccurate for
speciﬁc application.
1.14 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
A956 Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel
Products
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
terials
E29 Practice for Using Signiﬁcant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Speciﬁcations
E92 Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hard-
ness of Metallic Materials
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate-
rials
E448 Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic
Materials (Withdrawn 2017)
3
3. Methods for Hardness Determinations
3.1 The hardness readings used with these conversion tables
shall be determined in accordance with one of the following
ASTM test methods:
3.1.1 Brinell Hardness—Test Method E10.
3.1.2 Rockwell Hardness—Test Method E18 Scales A, B, C,
D, E, F, G, H, K, 15N, 30N, 45N, 15T, 30T, 45T, 15W.
3.1.3 Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hardness—Test Meth-
ods E92.
3.1.4 Microindentation Hardness (Vickers Hardness and
Knoop Hardness)—Test Method E384.
3.1.5 Scleroscope Hardness—Practice E448.
3.1.6 Leeb Hardness—Test Method A956.
NOTE 1—The comparative hardness test done to generate the conver-
sion tables in this standard were performed in past years using ASTM test
methods in effect at the time of testing. In some cases, the standards have
changed in ways that could affect the ﬁnal results. For example, currently
both the Rockwell and Brinell hardness standards (Test Method E10 and
E18, respectively) allow or require the use of tungsten carbide ball
indenters; however, all of the ball scale Rockwell hardness tests (HRB,
HR30T, etc.) and most of the Brinell hardness tests performed to develop
these tables used hardened steel ball indenters. The use of tungsten carbide
balls will produce slightly different hardness results than steel balls.
Therefore, the user is cautioned to consider these differences and to keep
in mind the approximate nature of these conversions when applying them
to the results of tests using tungsten carbide balls.
4. Apparatus and Reference Standards
4.1 The apparatus and reference standards shall conform to
the description in Test Methods A956,E10,E18,E92,E384,
and Practice E448.
5. Principle of Method of Conversion
5.1 Tests have proved that even the most reliable data
cannot be ﬁtted to a single conversion relationship for all
metals. Indentation hardness is not a single fundamental
property but a combination of properties, and the contribution
of each to the hardness number varies with the type of test. The
modulus of elasticity has been shown to inﬂuence conversions
at high hardness levels; and at low hardness levels conversions
between hardness scales measuring depth and those measuring
diameter are likewise inﬂuenced by differences in the modulus
of elasticity. Therefore separate conversion tables are necessary
for different materials.
NOTE 2—Hardness conversion values for other metals based on
comparative test on similar materials having similar mechanical properties
will be added to this standard as the need arises.
6. Signiﬁcance and Use
6.1 The conversion values given in the tables, or calculated
by the equations given in the appendixes, should only be
considered valid for the speciﬁc materials indicated. This is
because conversions can be affected by several factors, includ-
ing the material alloy, grain structure, heat treatment, etc.
6.2 Since the various types of hardness tests do not all
measure the same combination of material properties, conver-
sion from one hardness scale to another is only an approximate
process. Because of the wide range of variation among
different materials, it is not possible to state conﬁdence limits
for the errors in using a conversion chart. Even in the case of
a table established for a single material, such as the table for
cartridge brass, some error is involved depending on compo-
sition and methods of processing.
6.3 Because of their approximate nature, conversion tables
must be regarded as only an estimate of comparative values. It
is recommended that hardness conversions be applied primar-
ily to values such as speciﬁcation limits, which are established
by agreement or mandate, and that the conversion of test data
be avoided whenever possible (see Note 1).
7. Reporting of Hardness Numbers
7.1 Historically when reporting converted hardness
numbers, the measured hardness and test scale were also
reported in parentheses. This is still an acceptable practice as in
the following:
353 HBW
~
38 HRC
!
(1)
where 353 HBW is the converted hardness value and 38
HRC is the original measurement value and test scale.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
E140 − 12b (2019)
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2
 

7.2 Other formats for reporting converted hardness values,

such as data tables, may be used; however, the original

measurement value and test scale shall also be reported and

clearly identiﬁed.

7.3 Since all converted hardness values must be considered

approximate, all converted hardness numbers shall be rounded

in accordance with Practice E29 and should have no more

signiﬁcant digits than is given for the data in the applicable

table.

8. Keywords

8.1 conversion; hardness scale; metallic

TABLE 1 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Non-Austenitic Steels (Rockwell C Hardness Range)

A,B

Rock-

well C

Hardness

Number

150 kgf

(HRC)

Vickers

Hardness

Number

(HV)

Brinell Hardness Number

Knoop

Hardness,

Number

500-gf and

Over

(HK)

Rockwell Hardness Number Rockwell Superﬁcial Hardness Number Sclero-

scope

Hard-

ness

Number

Rock-

well C

Hardness

Number

150 kgf

(HRC)

10-mm

Standard

Ball,

3000-kgf

(HBS)

10-mm

Carbide

Ball,

3000-kgf

(HBW)

A Scale,

60-kgf

(HRA)

D Scale,

100-kgf

(HRD)

15N Scale,

15-kgf

(HR15N)

30N Scale,

30-kgf

(HR30N)

45N Scale,

45-kgf

(HR45N)

68 940 ... ... 920 85.6 76.9 93.2 84.4 75.4 97.3 68

67 900 ... ... 895 85.0 76.1 92.9 83.6 74.2 95.0 67

66 865 ... ... 870 84.5 75.4 92.5 82.8 73.3 92.7 66

65 832 ... (739) 846 83.9 74.5 92.2 81.9 72.0 90.6 65

64 800 ... (722) 822 83.4 73.8 91.8 81.1 71.0 88.5 64

63 772 ... (705) 799 82.8 73.0 91.4 80.1 69.9 86.5 63

62 746 ... (688) 776 82.3 72.2 91.1 79.3 68.8 84.5 62

61 720 ... (670) 754 81.8 71.5 90.7 78.4 67.7 82.6 61

60 697 ... (654) 732 81.2 70.7 90.2 77.5 66.6 80.8 60

59 674 ... 634 710 80.7 69.9 89.8 76.6 65.5 79.0 59

58 653 ... 615 690 80.1 69.2 89.3 75.7 64.3 77.3 58

57 633 ... 595 670 79.6 68.5 88.9 74.8 63.2 75.6 57

56 613 ... 577 650 79.0 67.7 88.3 73.9 62.0 74.0 56

55 595 ... 560 630 78.5 66.9 87.9 73.0 60.9 72.4 55

54 577 ... 543 612 78.0 66.1 87.4 72.0 59.8 70.9 54

53 560 ... 525 594 77.4 65.4 86.9 71.2 58.6 69.4 53

52 544 (500) 512 576 76.8 64.6 86.4 70.2 57.4 67.9 52

51 528 (487) 496 558 76.3 63.8 85.9 69.4 56.1 66.5 51

50 513 (475) 481 542 75.9 63.1 85.5 68.5 55.0 65.1 50

49 498 (464) 469 526 75.2 62.1 85.0 67.6 53.8 63.7 49

48 484 451 455 510 74.7 61.4 84.5 66.7 52.5 62.4 48

47 471 442 443 495 74.1 60.8 83.9 65.8 51.4 61.1 47

46 458 432 432 480 73.6 60.0 83.5 64.8 50.3 59.8 46

45 446 421 421 466 73.1 59.2 83.0 64.0 49.0 58.5 45

44 434 409 409 452 72.5 58.5 82.5 63.1 47.8 57.3 44

43 423 400 400 438 72.0 57.7 82.0 62.2 46.7 56.1 43

42 412 390 390 426 71.5 56.9 81.5 61.3 45.5 54.9 42

41 402 381 381 414 70.9 56.2 80.9 60.4 44.3 53.7 41

40 392 371 371 402 70.4 55.4 80.4 59.5 43.1 52.6 40

39 382 362 362 391 69.9 54.6 79.9 58.6 41.9 51.5 39

38 372 353 353 380 69.4 53.8 79.4 57.7 40.8 50.4 38

37 363 344 344 370 68.9 53.1 78.8 56.8 39.6 49.3 37

36 354 336 336 360 68.4 52.3 78.3 55.9 38.4 48.2 36

35 345 327 327 351 67.9 51.5 77.7 55.0 37.2 47.1 35

34 336 319 319 342 67.4 50.8 77.2 54.2 36.1 46.1 34

33 327 311 311 334 66.8 50.0 76.6 53.3 34.9 45.1 33

32 318 301 301 326 66.3 49.2 76.1 52.1 33.7 44.1 32

31 310 294 294 318 65.8 48.4 75.6 51.3 32.5 43.1 31

30 302 286 286 311 65.3 47.7 75.0 50.4 31.3 42.2 30

29 294 279 279 304 64.8 47.0 74.5 49.5 30.1 41.3 29

28 286 271 271 297 64.3 46.1 73.9 48.6 28.9 40.4 28

27 279 264 264 290 63.8 45.2 73.3 47.7 27.8 39.5 27

26 272 258 258 284 63.3 44.6 72.8 46.8 26.7 38.7 26

25 266 253 253 278 62.8 43.8 72.2 45.9 25.5 37.8 25

24 260 247 247 272 62.4 43.1 71.6 45.0 24.3 37.0 24

23 254 243 243 266 62.0 42.1 71.0 44.0 23.1 36.3 23

22 248 237 237 261 61.5 41.6 70.5 43.2 22.0 35.5 22

21 243 231 231 256 61.0 40.9 69.9 42.3 20.7 34.8 21

20 238 226 226 251 60.5 40.1 69.4 41.5 19.6 34.2 20

In the table headings, force refers to total test forces.

Annex A1 contains equations converting determined hardness scale numbers to Rockwell C hardness numbers for non-austenitic steels. Refer to 1.12 before using

conversion equations.

The Brinell hardness numbers in parentheses are outside the range recommended for Brinell hardness testing in 8.1 of Test Method E10.

These Scleroscope hardness conversions are based on Vickers—Scleroscope hardness relationships developed from Vickers hardness data provided by the National

Bureau of Standards for 13 steel reference blocks, Scleroscope hardness values obtained on these blocks by the Shore Instrument and Mfg. Co., Inc., the Roll

Manufacturers Institute, and members of this institute, and also on hardness conversions previously published by the American Society for Metals and the Roll

Manufacturers Institute.

E140 − 12b (2019)

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摘要：

ASTM E140-12b (2019)e1 是一项由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布的标准化文件，主要涉及金属材料硬度值的换算方法，涵盖了钢、铜、铝、镍等多种金属在不同硬度测试方法（如布氏、洛氏、维氏、努氏等）之间的转换关系。该标准通过提供统一的换算表格和修正系数，帮助工程和质检人员在缺乏直接测试条件时，能够基于已有硬度数据准确预测其他硬度指标，从而简化材料评估流程。2019年的e1版本进一步修正了技术细节，确保与国际标准（如ISO 18265）的协调性。该文件广泛适用于冶金、汽车、航空航天

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