ASTM E155 - 20

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Designation: E155 −20

Standard Reference Radiographs for

Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E155; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

These Reference Radiographs have been developed in cooperation with the Quality Control Committee and Aerospace Research and

Testing Committee of the Aerospace Industries Association.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope*

1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the types and

degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy

and magnesium-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in

thicknesses of

⁄

in. (6.35 mm) and

⁄

in. (19.1 mm). The

reference radiograph ﬁlms are an adjunct to this document and

shall be purchased separately from ASTM International if

needed.

1.2 These ﬁlm reference radiographs are not intended to

illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in

aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy castings when perform-

ing digital radiography. If performing digital radiography of

aluminum-alloy castings, refer to Digital Reference Image

Standard E2422. If performing digital radiography of

magnesium-alloy castings, refer to Digital Reference Image

Standard E2869.

1.3 This document may be used where no other applicable

document exists, for other material thicknesses for which it has

been found to be applicable and for which agreement has been

reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer.

1.4 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the

process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunct

materials. These changes could include changes in the ﬁlms or

processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for

the cardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes

are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and

all reference radiographs are reviewed against a ﬁxed prototype

image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance

level represented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the

adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this

standard regardless of the date of production or the revision

level of the text standard.

1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be

regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are

mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for

information only and are not considered standard.

NOTE 1—Vol I: The set of reference radiographs consists of 13 plates

covering discontinuities in aluminum-alloy castings and 10 plates cover-

ing discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings. Each plate is held in an

⁄

by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) cardboard frame and each plate illustrates

eight grades of severity for the discontinuity in approximatelya2by2in.

(51 by 51 mm) area. The cardboard frames are contained in a 10

⁄

in. (267 by 292 mm) ring binder. The reference radiographs are not

impacted by this revision. There have been no revisions to the adjunct

reference radiographs since original issue. The adjunct reference radio-

graphs of any issue remain valid and may be used to this standard.

Vol. II: The set of reference radiographs consists of four plates covering

discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings only. Each plate is held in an

⁄

by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) cardboard frame and illustrates eight

grades of severity for the discontinuity (with the exception of discrete

discontinuities, where only one example of each discontinuity is given).

NOTE 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magne-

sium die castings up to 1 in. (25 mm) in thickness are contained in

Reference Radiographs E505.

1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-

mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-

dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-

ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:

E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial

Radiographic Film

These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee

E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee

E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images.

Current edition approved June 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally

approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E155 – 15. DOI:

10.1520/E0155-20.

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

E505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
and Magnesium Die Castings
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2422 Digital Reference Images for Inspection of Alumi-
num Castings
E2869 Digital Reference Images for Magnesium Castings
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and
Magnesium Castings:
Volume I, Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
3
Volume II, Magnesium Castings
4
2.3 AIA Document:
5
NAS 410 Certiﬁcation & Qualiﬁcation of Nondestructive
Test Personnel
2.4 ASNT Documents:
6
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualiﬁ-
cation and Certiﬁcation in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualiﬁcation and
Certiﬁcation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.5 ANSI/ISO Standard:
7
ISO 9712 NDT—Qualiﬁcation and Certiﬁcation of NDT
Personnel
3. Terminology
3.1 Deﬁnitions—Deﬁnitions of terms used in this standard
may be found in Terminology E1316.
3.2 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:
3.2.1 The terms relating to discontinuities used in these
reference radiographs are described based upon radiographic
appearance.
3.2.2 foreign materials, n—appear as isolated, irregular, or
elongated variations of ﬁlm density, not corresponding to
variations in thickness of material, nor to cavities.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—They may be due to the presence of
sand, slag, oxide or dross, or metal of different density.
3.2.3 gas holes, n—appear as round or elongated, smooth-
edged dark spots, occurring individually, in clusters, or distrib-
uted throughout the casting.
3.2.4 gas porosity, n—represented by round or elongated
dark spots corresponding to minute voids usually distributed
through the entire casting.
3.2.5 microshrinkage (feathery type), n—microshrinkage
having an elongated appearance resembling feather-like
streaks.
3.2.6 microshrinkage (sponge type), n—microshrinkage
having a spongelike appearance, and more massive and equi-
axed than the feathery type.
3.2.7 reacted sand inclusions, n—appear on radiograph as
“spotty segregation,” that is, sharply deﬁned round light areas,
about 1 mm in diameter, and often with the rim lighter than the
center.
3.2.7.1 Discussion—They are entrapped sand particles that
underwent reaction with molten magnesium alloys containing
zirconium (Note 3).
3.2.8 segregations, n—appear as variations in ﬁlm density
which can be explained by segregation of elements of atomic
numbers different from that of the matrix.
3.2.8.1 gravity segregation, n—appears white on radiograph
and may range from a mottling-type effect through white-
diffused spots blending with the matrix, to a cloud-like
appearance in more severe cases.
3.2.8.1 Discussion—They are agglomerations of particles
precipitated at temperatures above liquidus (Note 3).
3.2.8.2 eutectic segregation, n—type of segregation gener-
ally represented when a defect or discontinuity develops during
solidiﬁcation and is fed with a near eutectic residual liquid rich
with alloying elements that have a high X-ray attenuation. One
exception to this enrichment as illustrated in Reference Radio-
graphs E155 is ﬂow line (or eutectic depletion), where there is
a local impoverishment of the alloying elements that have a
high X-ray attenuation (Note 3).
(1) eutectic segregation—microshrinkage type, n—type of
segregation develops when a microshrinkage develops during
solidiﬁcation, and is fed with residual liquid rich in dense
alloying elements such as thorium. The area will show light on
a radiograph (Note 3).
(2) eutectic segregation—pipe-shrink type, n—type of seg-
regation develops during solidiﬁcation when a pipe shrink
forms and is immediately ﬁlled with eutectic liquid rich in high
X-ray attenuation alloying elements. The area shows light on a
radiograph as a feathery or dendritic feature (Note 3).
(3) eutectic segregation—hot-tear type, n—type of segre-
gation develops during solidiﬁcation when the hot tear that
takes place is immediately ﬁlled with liquid rich in alloying
elements high in X-ray attenuation. The defect shows as white
or light irregular deﬁned lines (Note 3).
(4) eutectic depletion—ﬂow line, n—type of segregation
develops when a section of a mold is ﬁlled by liquid and
solidiﬁes at the front before liquid from another feed meets the
solid front. A portion of the solid front then partially melts;
otherwise, the discontinuity would be a cold shut. Solidiﬁca-
tion begins after this remelt and the initial crystals are of high
purity and contain fewer high-density alloying elements than
the melt average. Since the metal is still ﬂowing across these
crystals, the composition ahead of this solidifying front is
depleted. This depletion of the eutectic shows on the radio-
graph as a dark diffused line (Note 3).
(5) oxide inclusions in magnesium alloys containing
zirconium, n—show on a radiograph as well deﬁned light area
of irregular shape and size resembling a radiograph of a
compacted ﬁne steel wool. It is composed of complex magne-
sium oxide ﬁlm with high zirconium content, and, if present,
rare earths and thorium oxides also. It is often associated with
zirconium-rich particles.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-
graph No. RRE015501.
4
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-
graph No. RRE015502.
5
Available from Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd.,
Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
6
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
7
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
E155 − 20
2

NOTE 3—More detailed descriptions of these discontinuities can be

found in the article, “New Reference Radiographs for Magnesium Alloy

Castings,” by B. Lagowski, published in the Journal of Testing and

Evaluation, Vol 2, No. 4, July 1974.

3.2.9 shrinkage cavity, n—appears as a dendritic,

ﬁlamentary, or jagged darkened area.

3.2.10 shrinkage porosity or sponge (nonferrous alloys),

n—a localized lacy or honeycombed darkened area.

4. Signiﬁcance and Use

4.1 Personnel utilizing reference radiographs to this stan-

dard shall be qualiﬁed and authorized to perform radiographic

interpretation in accordance with a nationally or internationally

recognized NDT personnel qualiﬁcation practice or standard

such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, ISO

9712 or a similar document and certiﬁed by the employer or

certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used

and its applicable revision shall be identiﬁed in the contractual

agreement between the using parties. A certiﬁed Level III shall

be available to assist with interpreting speciﬁcations and

product requirements as applied to the reference radiographs (if

the Level III is the radiographic interpreter, this may be the

same person).

4.2 These radiographs are intended for reference only but

are so designed that acceptance standards, which may be

developed for particular requirements, can be speciﬁed in

terms of these radiographs. The illustrations are radiographs of

castings that were produced under conditions designed to

develop the discontinuities. The radiographs of the

⁄

in.

(6.35 mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness

range up to and including

⁄

in. (12.7 mm). The radiographs of

the

⁄

in. (19.1 mm) castings are intended to be used in the

thickness range of over

⁄

in. up to and including 2 in.

(51 mm). The grouping and system of designations are based

on considerations of the best practical means of making these

reference radiographs of the greatest possible value.

4.3 Film Deterioration—Radiographic ﬁlms are subject to

wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the

image deteriorates over time is a function of storage

conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference

radiograph ﬁlms are no exception and may exhibit a loss in

image quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be

periodically examined for signs of wear and tear, including

scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-

graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which

could inﬂuence the interpretation and use of the radiographs

should be replaced.

5. Basis for Application

5.1 The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptance

standards tailored to the end use of the product. Application of

these reference radiographs as acceptance standards should be

based on the intended use of the product and the following

considerations (see Note 4).

5.1.1 Compare the production radiographs of the casting

submitted for evaluation with the reference radiographs appli-

cable to designated wall thickness in accordance with the

written acceptance criteria.

5.1.2 An area of like size to that of the reference radiograph

shall be the unit area by which the production radiograph is

evaluated, and any such area shall meet the requirements as

deﬁned for acceptability.

5.1.3 Any combination or portion of these reference radio-

graphs may be used as is relevant to the particular application.

Different grades or acceptance limits may be speciﬁed for each

discontinuity type. Furthermore, different grades may be speci-

ﬁed for different regions or zones of a component.

5.1.4 Special considerations may be required where more

than one discontinuity type is present in the same area. Any

modiﬁcations to the acceptance criteria required on the basis of

multiple discontinuity types shall be speciﬁed.

5.1.5 Where the reference radiographs provide only an

ungraded illustration of a discontinuity, acceptance criteria

may be speciﬁed by referencing a maximum discontinuity size,

or percentage of the discontinuity size illustrated.

5.1.6 Production radiographs showing porosity, gas,

shrinkage, or inclusions shall be evaluated by the overall

condition with regard to size, number, and distribution. The

aggregate size of discontinuities shall not exceed the total

accumulation in area of the discontinuities of the reference

radiograph. It is not the intent that the maximum size of the

illustrated discontinuity shall be the limiting size for a single

production radiographic discontinuity, or that the number of

discontinuities shown on the reference radiograph shall be the

limiting number for production radiographs. Also, caution

should be exercised in judging a large discontinuity against a

collection of small discontinuities on the basis of size alone.

Each of the factors of size, number, and distribution shall be

considered in balance. The purchaser may provide documented

speciﬁc methods of evaluation.

5.1.7 When the severity level of discontinuities per unit in

the production radiograph being evaluated is equal to or better

than the severity level in the speciﬁed reference radiograph,

that part of the casting represented by the production radio-

graph shall be acceptable. If the production radiograph shows

discontinuities per unit area of greater severity than the

reference radiograph, that part of the casting shall not be

accepted.

5.1.8 As a minimum, the acceptance criteria should contain

information addressing: zoning of the part (if applicable), the

acceptable severity level for each discontinuity type, and the

speciﬁed area to which the reference radiographs are to be

applied.

NOTE 4—Caution should be exercised in specifying the acceptance

criteria to be met in a casting. Casting design coupled with foundry

practice should be considered. It is advisable to consult with the

manufacturer/foundry before establishing the acceptance criteria to ensure

the desired quality level can be achieved.

6. Description

6.1 The radiographs listed in Table 1 illustrate each type of

discontinuity in eight grades. The radiographs listed in Table 2

illustrate each type of discontinuity in eight grades, with the

exception of pipe shrink, ﬂow line, hot tear, and oxide

inclusion, where a single ungraded illustration is given for

each. Although eight grades of each discontinuity are shown

(with the above exceptions), a numerically smaller graded set

E155 − 20

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摘要：

ASTM E155 - 20 是一份由美国材料与试验协会发布的金属铸件标准参考射线图谱，专门用于铝及镁合金铸件的射线检测。该标准提供了不同厚度范围和缺陷类型的典型射线影像，包括气孔、缩孔、夹杂物和裂纹等内部不连续性。通过对比标准图谱，检测人员能够对铸造产品的内部质量进行分级评定，从而确保铸件满足航空航天、汽车及工业设备等领域对可靠性与安全性的严格要求。无论是在原材料验收还是生产质量控制环节，ASTM E155 - 20 都是行业公认的重要参考依据，有助于提升检测结果的一致性与客观性。

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