ASTM E165 - E 165M - 23

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Designation: E165/E165M −23
Standard Practice for
Liquid Penetrant Testing for General Industry
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E165/E165M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice
2
covers procedures for penetrant examina-
tion of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructive testing
method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface
such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations,
through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process,
ﬁnal, and maintenance examinations. It can be effectively used
in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, ferrous
and nonferrous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as
nonporous glazed or fully densiﬁed ceramics, as well as certain
nonporous plastics, and glass.
1.2 This practice also provides a reference:
1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process
recommended or required by individual organizations can be
reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process speciﬁcations and
procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts
and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant
testing is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice may
be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering
organization and the supplier, or speciﬁc direction from the
cognizant engineering organization.
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel
concerned with liquid penetrant testing.
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for
evaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. It
should be pointed out, however, that after indications have
been found, they must be interpreted or classiﬁed and then
evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code,
standard, or a speciﬁc agreement to deﬁne the type, size,
location, and direction of indications considered acceptable,
and those considered unacceptable.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-
conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
D329 Speciﬁcation for Acetone
D770 Speciﬁcation for Isopropyl Alcohol
D1193 Speciﬁcation for Reagent Water
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
High Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detec-
tion or Thermal Conductivity Detection (TCD)
D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Suppressed Ion
Chromatography
D6919 Test Method for Determination of Dissolved Alkali
and Alkaline Earth Cations and Ammonium in Water and
Wastewater by Ion Chromatography
E433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
tion
E516 Practice for Testing Thermal Conductivity Detectors
Used in Gas Chromatography
E543 Speciﬁcation for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
Testing
E1208 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsiﬁcation Process
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published August 2023. Originally
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E165/E165M – 18.
DOI: 10.1520/E0165_E0165M-23.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Recom-
mended Test Method SE-165 in the Code.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

E1209 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
Using the Water-Washable Process
E1210 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsiﬁcation Process
E1219 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
Using the Solvent-Removable Process
E1220 Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using Solvent-
Removable Process
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1418 Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using the
Water-Washable Process
E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and
Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle
Methods
E3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris-
tics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in
Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
2.2 APHA Standard:
4
429 Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
2.3 SAE Standards:
5
AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant
QPL-AMS-2644 Qualiﬁed Products of Inspection Materials,
Penetrant
3. Terminology
3.1 The deﬁnitions relating to liquid penetrant testing,
which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply to the terms
used in this practice.
NOTE 1—Throughout this practice, the term blacklight has been
changed to UV-A to conform with the latest terminology in Terminology
E1316.Blacklight can mean a broad range of ultraviolet radiation –
ﬂuorescent penetrant testing uses only UV-A light.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Liquid penetrant may consist of visible or ﬂuorescent
material. The liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the
surface being examined and allowed to enter open discontinui-
ties. After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is
removed. A developer is applied to draw the entrapped pen-
etrant out of the discontinuity and stain the developer. The test
surface is then examined to determine the presence or absence
of indications.
NOTE 2—The developer may be omitted by agreement between the
contracting parties.
NOTE 3—Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow a visible
penetrant examination unless the procedure has been qualiﬁed in accor-
dance with 10.2, because visible dyes may cause deterioration or
quenching of ﬂuorescent dyes.
4.2 Processing parameters, such as surface precleaning,
penetrant dwell time, and excess penetrant removal methods,
are dependent on the speciﬁc materials used, the nature of the
part under examination (that is, size, shape, surface condition,
alloy), and type of discontinuities expected.
5. Signiﬁcance and Use
5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence,
location, and to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of
the detected discontinuities. Each of the various penetrant
methods has been designed for speciﬁc uses such as critical
service items, volume of parts, portability, or localized areas of
examination. The method selected will depend accordingly on
the design and service requirements of the parts or materials
being tested.
6. Classiﬁcation of Penetrant Materials and Methods
6.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods and materials are
classiﬁed in accordance with AMS 2644 as listed in Table 1.
6.2 Fluorescent Penetrant Testing (Type I)—Fluorescent
penetrant testing utilizes penetrants that ﬂuoresce brilliantly
when excited by UV-A radiation. The sensitivity of ﬂuorescent
penetrants depends on their ability to be retained in the various
size discontinuities during processing, and then to bleed out
into the developer coating and produce indications that will
ﬂuoresce. Fluorescent indications are many times brighter than
their surroundings when viewed under appropriate UV-A
illumination.
6.3 Visible Penetrant Testing (Type II)—Visible penetrant
testing uses a penetrant that can be seen in visible light. The
penetrant is usually red, so that resultant indications produce a
deﬁnite contrast with the white background of the developer.
Visible penetrant indications must be viewed under adequate
visible light.
7. Materials
7.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Materials consist of ﬂuores-
cent or visible penetrants, emulsiﬁers (oil-base and water-
base), removers (water and solvent), and developers (dry
powder, aqueous, and nonaqueous). A family of liquid pen-
etrant testing materials consists of the applicable penetrant and
emulsiﬁer, as recommended by the manufacturer. Any liquid
penetrant, remover, and developer listed in QPL-AMS-2644
can be used, regardless of the manufacturer. Penetrants and
emulsiﬁers shall be from the same family; use of a penetrant
and emulsiﬁer from different manufacturers or family groups is
prohibited.
NOTE 4—Refer to 9.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, and
alkali metal content.
4
Available from American Public Health Association, Publication Office, 1015
Fifteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.
5
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
TABLE 1 Classiﬁcation of Penetrant Testing Types and Methods
Type I—Fluorescent Penetrant Testing
Method A—Water-washable (see Practice E1209)
Method A(W)—Water Washable Penetrant (penetrant containing
>20 % water) (see Practice E1209)
Method B—Post-emulsiﬁable, lipophilic (see Practice E1208)
Method C—Solvent removable (see Practice E1219)
Method D—Post-emulsiﬁable, hydrophilic (see Practice E1210)
Type II—Visible Penetrant Testing
Method A—Water-washable (see Practice E1418)
Method A(W)—Water Washable Penetrant (penetrant containing
>20 % water) (see Practice E1418)
Method C—Solvent removable (see Practice E1220)
E165/E165M − 23
2

NOTE 5—While approved penetrant materials will not adversely affect

common metallic materials, some plastics or rubbers may be swollen or

stained by certain penetrants.

7.2 Penetrants:

7.2.1 Post-Emulsiﬁable Penetrants are insoluble in water

and cannot be removed with water rinsing alone. They are

formulated to be selectively removed from the surface using a

separate emulsiﬁer. Properly applied and given a proper

emulsiﬁcation time, the emulsiﬁer combines with the excess

surface penetrant to form a water-washable mixture, which can

be rinsed from the surface, leaving the surface free of excessive

ﬂuorescent background. Proper emulsiﬁcation time must be

experimentally established and maintained to ensure that

over-emulsiﬁcation does not result in loss of indications.

7.2.2 Water-Washable Penetrants are formulated to be di-

rectly water-washable from the surface of the test part, after a

suitable penetrant dwell time. Because the emulsiﬁer is formu-

lated into the penetrant or the penetrant is water-based (pen-

etrant containing >20 % water), water-washable penetrants can

be washed out of discontinuities if the rinsing step is too long

or too vigorous. It is therefore extremely important to exercise

proper control in the removal of excess surface penetrant to

ensure against overwashing. Some penetrants are less resistant

to overwashing than others, so caution should be exercised.

7.2.3 Solvent-Removable Penetrants are formulated so that

excess surface penetrant can be removed by wiping until most

of the penetrant has been removed. The remaining traces

should be removed with the solvent remover (see 8.6.4). To

prevent removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care should

be taken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the

surface with solvent to remove the excess penetrant is prohib-

ited as the penetrant indications could easily be washed away.

7.3 Emulsiﬁers:

7.3.1 Lipophilic Emulsiﬁers are oil-miscible liquids used to

emulsify the post-emulsiﬁed penetrant on the surface of the

part, rendering it water-washable. The individual characteris-

tics of the emulsiﬁer and penetrant, and the geometry/surface

roughness of the part material contribute to determining the

emulsiﬁcation time.

7.3.2 Hydrophilic Emulsiﬁers are water-miscible liquids

used to emulsify the excess post-emulsiﬁed penetrant on the

surface of the part, rendering it water-washable. These water-

base emulsiﬁers (detergent-type removers) are supplied as

concentrates to be diluted with water and used as a dip or spray.

The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in accordance

with manufacturer’s recommendations.

7.3.2.1 Hydrophilic emulsiﬁers function by displacing the

excess penetrant ﬁlm from the surface of the part through

detergent action. The force of the water spray or air/mechanical

agitation in an open dip tank provides the scrubbing action

while the detergent displaces the ﬁlm of penetrant from the part

surface. The individual characteristics of the emulsiﬁer and

penetrant, and the geometry and surface roughness of the part

material contribute to determining the emulsiﬁcation time.

Emulsiﬁcation concentration shall be monitored weekly using

a suitable refractometer.

7.4 Solvent Removers—Solvent removers function by dis-

solving the penetrant, making it possible to wipe the surface

clean and free of excess penetrant.

7.5 Developers—Developers form a translucent or white

absorptive coating that aids in bringing the penetrant out of

surface discontinuities through blotting action, thus increasing

the visibility of the indications.

7.5.1 Dry Powder Developers—Dry powder developers are

used as supplied, that is, free-ﬂowing, non-caking powder (see

8.8.1). Care should be taken not to contaminate the developer

with ﬂuorescent penetrant, as the contaminated developer

specks can appear as penetrant indications.

7.5.2 Aqueous Developers—Aqueous developers are nor-

mally supplied as dry powder particles to be either suspended

(water suspendable) or dissolved (water soluble) in water. The

concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in accordance

with manufacturer’s recommendations. Water soluble develop-

ers shall not be used with Type II penetrants or Type I, Method

A or Method A(W) (penetrant containing >20 % water) pen-

etrants.

NOTE 6—Aqueous developers may cause stripping of indications if not

properly applied and controlled. The procedure should be qualiﬁed in

accordance with 10.2.

7.5.3 Nonaqueous Wet Developers—Nonaqueous wet devel-

opers are supplied as suspensions of developer particles in a

nonaqueous solvent carrier ready for use as supplied.

Nonaqueous, wet developers are sprayed on to form a thin

coating on the surface of the part when dried. This thin coating

serves as the developing medium.

NOTE 7—This type of developer is intended for application by spray

only.

8. Procedure

8.1 The following processing parameters apply to both

ﬂuorescent and visible penetrant testing methods.

8.2 Temperature Limits—The temperature of the penetrant

materials and the surface of the part to be processed shall be

between 40 °F and 125 °F [4 °C and 52 °C] or the procedure

must be qualiﬁed at the temperature used as described in 10.2.

8.3 Examination Sequence—Final penetrant examination

shall be performed after the completion of all operations that

could cause surface-connected discontinuities or operations

that could expose discontinuities not previously open to the

surface. Such operations include, but are not limited to,

grinding, welding, straightening, machining, and heat treating.

Satisfactory examination results can usually be obtained on

surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, as-forged, or

ceramics in the densiﬁed condition.

8.3.1 Surface Treatment—Final penetrant testing may be

performed prior to treatments that can smear the surface but not

by themselves cause surface discontinuities. Such treatments

include, but are not limited to, vapor blasting, deburring,

sanding, buffing, sand blasting, or lapping. Performance of

ﬁnal penetrant testing after such surface treatments necessitates

that the part(s) be etched to remove smeared metal from the

surface prior to testing unless otherwise agreed by the con-

tracting parties. Note that ﬁnal penetrant testing shall always

precede surface peening.

E165/E165M − 23

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摘要：

ASTM E165 - E 165M - 23 是当前最新版本的标准规范，涵盖了液体渗透检测（liquid penetrant testing）的标准化操作流程与验收要求，适用于金属及非金属材料表面开口缺陷的无损检测。该标准由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布，统一了传统英制单位与公制单位（SI）的测试方法，确保检测结果在不同工程体系下的可重复性与可比性。内容包括检测材料选择、表面处理、渗透剂施加、显像时间控制、缺陷判读及记录报告等关键环节，广泛用于航空航天、石油化工、电力设备及通用制造行业的质

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