ISO ASTM 52945-23

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ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(E)

Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualiﬁcation

principles —

Generic machine evaluation and speciﬁcation of

key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation ISO/ASTM 52945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the

year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

INTRODUCTION

This document provides a methodology to evaluate PBF-LB/M AM-machines in the context of

automotive on an objective basis. The need to provide a document standardizing this topic exists

because in high-volume industrial production, the reproducibility of the produced component is

crucial to meet production goals. Therefore, reproducibility and capability of the machines used for

manufacturing need to be evaluated upfront. A methodology and performance characteristics are

introduced to enable the evaluation on an objective and quantitative basis. The documentation

resulting from the AM-machine evaluation is used to obtain a reliable orientation selection and

evaluation of PBF-LB/M AM-machines.

Moreover, the document provides guidelines for machine production key performance indicators

(KPIs) which can be used in procurement, production planning and production to improve the

understanding between the machine manufacturer and user. The KPIs to be determined within the

scope of this document help to systematically evaluate the performance of PBF-LB/M machines.

However, this does not necessarily guarantee that the KPIs can always be used to select the most

suitable machine for a speciﬁc application scenario. Since a large number of very speciﬁc inﬂuencing

factors affect the selection of an optimal machine, situational, individual parameters must be included

in the decision. However, the KPIs can form the basis for this decision.

The requirements regarding quality and planning of build jobs are speciﬁc for the automotive

industry. The introduced generic approach can be expanded to other industries.

1. Scope

1.1 This document speciﬁes the methodology for generic

AM-machine evaluation in automotive environment using

objective test criteria and provides the framework for an

objective AM-machine evaluation and comparison. This docu-

ment ﬁnds application in benchmarks, in the preparation of

purchase decisions, but also in AM-machine evaluation within

the machine procurement, acceptance, and qualiﬁcation pro-

cesses. This document is speciﬁc to automotive, as it is related

to existing series part requirements of various original equip-

ment manufacturers, but the content can be transferred to other

industries if necessary.

1.2 Furthermore, this document speciﬁes machine KPIs in

the context of machine procurement, production planning and

production of PBF-LB/M components. It aims to reach a

detailed understanding between machine supplier and machine

user with respect to the acceptance criteria during the procure-

ment process and evaluation of machine performance during

running production. For using this document, all process

parameters, such as scanning speed, laser power, etc., are ﬁxed,

since changing these parameters can affect the entire process

performance and its stability. Therefore, variables are not

changed any more during or after qualiﬁcation. This document

and the determination of the KPIs help in the evaluation of

machine properties, but do not replace an application-speciﬁc

approval process.

1.3 This document is applicable to the additive manufactur-

ing technology PBF-LB/M.

1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-

dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-

ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

This document is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on Additive

Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee

F42.05 on Materials and Processes and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 261,

Additive manufacturing, on the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and

ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards

on additive manufacturing.

Current edition approved Nov. 21, 2023. Published February 2024.

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Normative references

2.1 The following documents are referred to in the text in

such a way that some or all of their content constitutes

requirements of this document. For dated references, only the

edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition

of the referenced document (including any amendments) ap-

plies.

2.2 Standards:

ISO 3369 Impermeable sintered metal materials and hard-

metals — Determination of density

ISO 4499-4 Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of

microstructure — Part 4: Characterisation of porosity,

carbon defects and eta-phase content

ISO 6892-1 Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1:

Method of test at room temperature

ISO 25178 (all parts) Geometrical product speciﬁcations

(GPS) — Surface texture: Areal

ISO/ASTM 52900 Additive manufacturing — General prin-

ciples — Fundamentals and vocabulary

ISO/ASTM 52902 Additive manufacturing — Test artifacts

— Geometric capability assessment of additive manufac-

turing systems

ISO/ASTM 52928 Additive manufacturing — Feedstock

materials — Powder life cycle management

ASTM E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metal-

lic Materials

3. Terms and deﬁnitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and deﬁnitions of ISO/ASTM

52900 and the following apply.

SO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the

following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp

— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/

3.1 performance characteristics—deﬁned characteristics

which are measured in a deﬁned framework (in this document

based on generic build jobs and produced specimens) and can

be used to evaluate machines on an objective basis.

3.2 machine KPIs—machine key performance indicators

(KPIs) measure the relevant output of a production machine in

a deﬁned framework, e.g. timeframe, deﬁned production lots.

Note 1 to entry: Throughout this document, various such

KPIs are introduced and their meaning, as well as how to

measure them, is explained in detail.

EXAMPLE Overall equipment effectiveness.

3.3 quality level—deﬁned ranges of values for a speciﬁed

set of quality parameters such as relative density, surface

roughness, mechanical properties, etc.

3.4 specimen package—set of different specimens.

Note 1 to entry: Examples of different specimens are shown

in Table 1.

4. Methodology for generic machine evaluation

4.1 Speciﬁcation of use-cases

4.1.1 General

This section introduces the methodology of generic machine

evaluation. The generic machine evaluation shall be used to

carry out an assessment to evaluate the performance of a

PBF-LB/M machine on a deﬁned objective basis.

The methodology of generic machine evaluation introduced

here is not intended to deﬁne and verify compliance of target

metrics but should instead be used to generate information and

efficiency metrics to enable machine assessment and compari-

son. Further details of the machine acceptance process are

shown in ISO/ASTM TS 52930. For this document it is

mandatory that consistent handling sequences can be achieved

through a good operator’s expertise, since it is important on

AM systems for a stable component quality (see ISO/ASTM

52926 series).

The generic machine evaluation shall be used to generate a

sufficient, neutral, and documented evaluation basis for two

different use-cases, which are described in 4.1.2 and 4.1.3.

4.1.2 Use-case 1 – Benchmarking of machines

The framework and methodology introduced in 4.3.1 shall

be used in the context of benchmarking of machines.

Therefore, a minimum of 1 run of the described build jobs

according to 4.2.2 shall be produced and tested in the described

way. To strengthen the statistical signiﬁcance of the

benchmark, production and evaluation of additional build jobs

shall be necessary. This is an option at the discretion of the

machine manufacturer or the user.

4.1.3 Use-case 2 – Generic evaluation in factory/

site acceptance test

The framework and methodology introduced in 4.3.1 shall

furthermore be used in the machinery procurement process,

more speciﬁc in the factory and site acceptance test. Before

using the methodology, the speciﬁc target values for the

performance indicators shall be agreed on between user and

machine manufacturer. During factory and site acceptance test,

at least one build job run is mandatory.

This methodology can also be used to evaluate build

job-to-build job performance. For a better evaluation of the

machine, further evaluations of build jobs with speciﬁc rel-

evant part designs can be taken into consideration. The frame

conditions for such speciﬁc build jobs can be derived from the

framework of the expected (future) build jobs or be pre-

arranged by agreement between machine manufacturer and

user.

4.2 Speciﬁcation of specimen and build job design

4.2.1 Speciﬁcation of generic specimen and testing stan-

dards

In the following, the test specimens used in the generic

construction jobs and for the evaluation of these construction

jobs as well as the associated tests are deﬁned. This section

gives an overview of the relevant use cases for the generic

machine evaluation and introduces the framework for the data

generation (specimens used, test methods, build job design and

quality requirements).

Specimen geometries to be used throughout the generic

build job are described in Table 1.

Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO

Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,

Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.

For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,

www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For

Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s

Document Summary page on the ASTM website.

ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(E)

TABLE 1 – Speciﬁcation of specimen for measurement of surface roughness, relative density, and tensile strength

Test specimen Test standard, purpose and description Test procedure and criteria

Surface measurement:

— Test standard: ISO 25178 (all parts)

— Test specimen:10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm dia-

mond surface/density specimen

— Test purpose:

Measurement of surface roughness on:

— 45°

— 90° and

— 135° surfaces

— Test specimen surface:

powder removed with pressured gas

(no surface modiﬁcation)

— Measurement (in accordance with ISO/ASTM

52902) of S

and S

, on each of the 4 sur-

faces for 45°, 90°, 135° angle against the build plate

— Determination of mean value and quantiles for

each cube

— Area of measurement shall be the complete area

that is available in each direction

— Typically used measurement ﬁlters in accordance

with ISO/ASTM 52902

Porosity measurement:

— Test standard:

— Preparation: ISO 4499-4

— Porosity measurement: ISO 4499-4

— Test specimen:

10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm diamond

surface/density specimen

— Test purpose:

measurement relative density

in cross section

— A testing with the Archimedes method in accor-

dance with ISO 3369 can be added

— Cross section cut through the diamond specimen

— Preparation of the cross section cut according to

the test standard

— Measurement of the relative density according to

the test standard in 25× magniﬁcation

Tensile test (as-built surface):

— Test standard: ISO 6892-1

— Test specimen:

Near net shape tensile specimen

(in accordance with ASTM E8/E8M,

the requirement regarding surface

roughness may be waived)

— Tensile testing near net shape with asbuilt sur-

face (no post processing)

— Enabling tensile strength trend analysis over

height

— Testing according to test standard and measure-

ment of R

p0,2

and A

ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(E)

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摘要：

ISO ASTM 52945-23是一项由国际标准化组织（ISO）与美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）联合发布的最新增材制造标准规范，专门针对聚合物粉末床熔融工艺的鉴定与质量控制要求。该标准为3D打印行业提供了统一的技术框架，涵盖了原材料特性、设备校准、工艺参数验证以及最终产品质量评价等关键环节，旨在提升增材制造零部件的一致性与可靠性。作为ISO/ASTM 52900系列标准的重要补充，52945-23特别适用于航空航天、医疗器械、汽车制造等高精度领域，帮助企业在研发与生产中遵循国际认可的最佳实践。

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