ASTM C591 - 22

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Designation: C591 −22
Standard Speciﬁcation for
Unfaced Preformed Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal
Insulation
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This speciﬁcation covers the types, physical properties,
and dimensions of unfaced, preformed rigid cellular polyiso-
cyanurate plastic material intended for use as thermal insula-
tion on surfaces from –297°F (–183°C) to 300°F (149°C). For
speciﬁc applications, the actual temperature limits shall be
agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser.
1.2 This speciﬁcation only covers “polyurethane modiﬁed
polyisocyanurate” thermal insulation which is commonly re-
ferred to as “polyisocyanurate” thermal insulation. This stan-
dard does not encompass all polyurethane modiﬁed materials.
Polyurethane modiﬁed polyisocyanurate and other polyure-
thane materials are similar, but the materials will perform
differently under some service conditions.
1.3 This standard is designed as a material speciﬁcation, not
a design document. Physical property requirements vary by
application and temperature. At temperatures below –70°F
(–51°C) the physical properties of the polyisocyanurate insu-
lation at the service temperature are of particular importance.
Below –70°F (–51°C) the manufacturer and the purchaser must
agree on what additional cold temperature performance prop-
erties are required to determine if the material can function
adequately for the particular application.
1.4 This standard addresses requirements of unfaced pre-
formed rigid cellular polyisocyanurate thermal insulation
manufactured using blowing agents with an ozone depletion
potential of 0 (ODP 0).
1.5 Except 6.2 and 8.2 – 8.4, which are related to the size
and shape of fabricated parts, and 16.1, which is related to the
storage of fabricated parts, the requirements in this standard
speciﬁcation apply to the polyisocyanurate insulation in the
form of buns supplied by the insulation manufacturer.
1.6 When adopted by an authority having jurisdiction, codes
that address ﬁre properties in many applications regulate the
use of the thermal insulation materials covered by this speci-
ﬁcation. Fire properties are controlled by job, project, or other
speciﬁcations where codes or government regulations do not
apply.
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of
Thermal Insulations
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
C272/C272M Test Method for Water Absorption of Core
Materials for Sandwich Constructions
C303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Pre-
formed Block and Board–Type Thermal Insulation
C335/C335M Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer
Properties of Pipe Insulation
1
This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on
Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.22 on
Organic and Nonhomogeneous Inorganic Thermal Insulations.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. Originally
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as C591 – 21. DOI:
10.1520/C0591-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

C390 Practice for Sampling and Acceptance of Thermal
Insulation Lots
C411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-
Temperature Thermal Insulation
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
C550 Test Method for Measuring Trueness and Squareness
of Rigid Block and Board Thermal Insulation
C585 Practice for Inner and Outer Diameters of Thermal
Insulation for Nominal Sizes of Pipe and Tubing
C871 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Thermal Insu-
lation Materials for Leachable Chloride, Fluoride, Silicate,
and Sodium Ions
C1045 Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Prop-
erties Under Steady-State Conditions
C1058/C1058M Practice for Selecting Temperatures for
Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal
Insulation
C1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
C1303/C1303M Test Method for Predicting Long-Term
Thermal Resistance of Closed-Cell Foam Insulation
C1363 Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building
Materials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a Hot
Box Apparatus
C1763 Test Method for Water Absorption by Immersion of
Thermal Insulation Materials
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
Cellular Plastics
D1622/D1622M Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid
Cellular Plastics
D2126 Test Method for Response of Rigid Cellular Plastics
to Thermal and Humid Aging
D2856 Test Method for Open-Cell Content of Rigid Cellular
Plastics by the Air Pycnometer (Withdrawn 2006)
3
D6226 Test Method for Open Cell Content of Rigid Cellular
Plastics
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
Building Materials
E96/E96M Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of
Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 For descriptions of terms used in this speciﬁcation, refer
to Terminologies C168 and D883.
3.2 The term polyisocyanurate does not encompass all
polyurethane containing materials (see 1.2).
3.3 The term “core specimen” refers to representative
samples cut in accordance with the sampling procedure listed
within each property test method.
3.4 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:
3.4.1 aged, v—in relation to thermal conductivity testing,
the act of delaying thermal conductivity testing for a speciﬁed
time period after the ﬁnal polymerization.
3.4.1.1 Discussion—Unfaced preformed rigid cellular polyi-
socyanurate thermal insulation samples are aged because the
thermal conductivity of this material increases with time,
primarily due to changes in the composition of the gas
contained within the closed cells. The rate of this thermal
conductivity increase diminishes with time so an aging time
prior to testing is selected to reasonably represent the long-term
performance of the material. The aging time for thermal
conductivity test specimens of material covered by this stan-
dard is typically 180 days.
3.4.2 conditioned, v—the act of putting specimens in speci-
ﬁed temperature and humidity conditions immediately prior to
testing to allow the specimens to reach temperature and
moisture content equilibrium.
3.4.2.1 Discussion—Samples are conditioned for a fairly
short time period (typically 12 to 24 h) during which the test
lab holds the sample at standard lab conditions (see 11.3)
immediately prior to testing. If specimens are aged (see 3.4.1)
for thermal conductivity testing at the same conditions speci-
ﬁed for conditioning and kept at these conditions until the time
of testing, then a separate conditioning period at the end of the
aging period is not necessary.
3.4.3 ﬁnal polymerization, n—the ﬁnal chemical reaction
and cooling that occurs immediately following primary manu-
facturing of unfaced preformed rigid cellular polyisocyanurate
thermal insulation materials created using a simultaneous
blowing and exothermic polymerization process.
3.4.3.1 Discussion—Unfaced preformed rigid cellular polyi-
socyanurate thermal insulation materials created using a simul-
taneous blowing and exothermic polymerization process are
formed into a shape such as a bun during manufacture. This
shape reaches its ﬁnal form and size during primary manufac-
turing and is at a temperature substantially above ambient. This
shape continues to undergo ﬁnal polymerization and cooling
for a time period ranging from a few hours to several days. This
period of ﬁnal polymerization and cooling is part of the
manufacturing process and samples are not taken for testing or
quality control until the end of this period is reached.
3.4.4 insulation fabricator, n—a company that machines,
cuts, grinds, or otherwise transforms the unfaced polyisocya-
nurate bun insulation received from an insulation manufacturer
into various shapes such as boards, blocks, pipe shells, tank
segments, and elbows/ﬁttings.
3.4.4.1 Discussion—It is possible for a company to function
as both an insulation fabricator and an insulation manufacturer.
In this standard speciﬁcation the insulation fabricator is also
referred to simply as the fabricator.
3.4.5 insulation manufacturer, n—a company engaged in
primary manufacturing of unfaced polyisocyanurate foam.
3.4.5.1 Discussion—It is possible for a company to function
as both an insulation manufacturer and an insulation fabricator.
In this standard speciﬁcation the insulation manufacturer is
also referred to simply as the manufacturer.
3.4.6 ozone depletion potential (ODP), n—a relative index
indicating the extent to which a chemical product causes ozone
depletion.
3.4.6.1 Discussion—The reference level of 1 is the potential
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
C591 − 22
2

of trichloroﬂuoromethane (R-11 or CFC-11) to cause ozone

depletion. ODP 0 is an ozone depletion potential of zero.

3.4.7 primary manufacturing, n—the initial manufacturing

step of unfaced preformed rigid cellular polyisocyanurate

thermal insulation materials that begins with the mixing of the

precursor chemicals and ends with the formation of the ﬁnal

bun shape.

4. Classiﬁcation

4.1 Unfaced, preformed rigid cellular polyisocyanurate ther-

mal insulation covered by this speciﬁcation is classiﬁed into six

types as follows:

4.1.1 Type I—Compressive resistance of 20 lb/in

(137

kPa), minimum.

4.1.2 Type IV—Compressive resistance of 22 lb/in

(150

kPa), minimum.

4.1.3 Type II—Compressive resistance of 35 lb/in

(240

kPa), minimum.

4.1.4 Type III—Compressive resistance of 45 lb/in

(310

kPa), minimum.

4.1.5 Type V—Compressive resistance of 80 lb/in

(550

kPa), minimum.

4.1.6 Type VI—Compressive resistance of 125 lb/in

(862

kPa), minimum.

4.2 Unfaced, preformed rigid cellular polyisocyanurate ther-

mal insulation covered by this speciﬁcation is classiﬁed into

one grade as follows:

4.2.1 Grade 2–Service temperature range of -297°F

(-183°C) to 300°F (149°C).

5. Ordering Information

5.1 Orders for materials purchased under this speciﬁcation

shall include the following:

5.1.1 Designation of this speciﬁcation and year of issue,

5.1.2 Product name or grade/type, or both,

5.1.3 Apparent thermal conductivity and speciﬁc thickness

required,

5.1.4 Product dimensions,

5.1.5 Quantity of material,

5.1.6 Special packaging or marking, if required, and

5.1.7 Special requirements for inspection or testing, or both.

6. Materials and Manufacture

6.1 Unfaced, preformed rigid cellular polyisocyanurate ther-

mal insulation is produced by the polymerization of polymeric

polyisocyanates in the presence of polyhydroxyl compounds,

catalysts, cell stabilizers, and blowing agents.

6.2 The material covered by this speciﬁcation shall be

supplied in “bun” form by the manufacturer. From these buns,

a fabricator shall transform and supply boards, blocks, pipe

shells, tank segments, elbows/ﬁttings, or special shapes as

agreed upon by the fabricator and end-user.

7. Physical Properties

7.1 Unfaced, preformed rigid cellular polyisocyanurate ther-

mal insulation shall conform to the requirements shown in

Table 1. See Note 1. For each physical property requirement,

the average from testing the number of test specimen(s)

required by 11.4 of this speciﬁcation shall be used to determine

compliance.

NOTE 1—It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to determine

the technical requirements for their speciﬁc applications and to select an

appropriate Type of material.

7.2 Polyisocyanurate thermal insulation is an organic mate-

rial and is combustible. Do not expose this insulation to ﬂames

or other ignition sources. The ﬁre performance of the material

shall be addressed through ﬁre test requirements established by

the appropriate governing authority. The manufacturer shall be

contacted for speciﬁc data as ﬁre performance characteristic

will vary with grade, type, and thickness.

7.3 Not all physical properties at temperatures below -70°F

(-51°C) have been fully tested. Where these properties are

critical, the user shall consult the manufacturer for properties

and performance at these lower temperatures.

8. Dimensions and Tolerances

8.1 The polyisocyanurate bun dimensions shall be as agreed

upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer. Polyisocyanurate

buns are commonly available in lengths up to 144 in. (3.66 m),

widths up to 48 in. (1.22 m), and thicknesses from 12 in. (305

mm) to 24 in. (610 mm).

8.2 Insulation Board (cut from buns by a fabricator):

8.2.1 Dimensional tolerances for boards shall be as follows:

Dimension Tolerance, in. (mm)

Length ±

⁄

(3.2)

Width ±

⁄

(1.6)

Thickness ±

⁄

(0.8)

8.2.2 Edge Trueness—Determine in accordance with Test

Method C550. The maximum deviation from the edge trueness

shall not be greater than

⁄

in./ft (2.6 mm/m) of length or

width.

8.2.3 Face Trueness—Determine in accordance with Test

Method C550. The maximum deviation from ﬂatness shall not

be greater than

⁄

in./ft (5.2 mm/m) of length or width.

8.2.4 Corner Squareness—Determine in accordance with

Test Method C550. The maximum deviation from corner

squareness shall not be greater than

⁄

in. (3.2 mm) for all

board thicknesses.

8.2.5 Edge Squareness—Determine in accordance with Test

Method C550. The maximum deviation from edge squareness

shall not be greater that

⁄

in. (1.6 mm) for all board

thicknesses.

8.3 Pipe Insulation (cut from buns by a fabricator)—

Material supplied for pipe insulation shall have dimensions and

tolerances that are in accordance with Practice C585.

8.4 Other parts or special shapes (cut from buns by a

fabricator) shall have dimensions and tolerances agreed upon

by the purchaser and fabricator.

9. Workmanship and Appearances

9.1 The polyisocyanurate thermal insulation shall have no

defects that will adversely affect its service qualities.

C591 − 22

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摘要：

ASTM C591 - 22 是一项由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布的关于闭孔聚氨酯及聚异氰脲酸酯（PUR/PIR）硬质泡沫塑料的标准规范，适用于用于管道、设备及建筑围护结构的保温隔热应用。该标准涵盖了材料在指定密度、导热系数、压缩强度、吸水率及尺寸稳定性等方面的技术要求和测试方法，旨在确保产品在高温、低温及多种湿度环境下具备稳定可靠的隔热性能。ASTM C591 - 22 版本相较于之前版本更新了性能参数与测试条件，进一步提升了产品质量控制与工程设计的参考价值，广泛用于工程选购、质量检验及

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