ASTM C1847 - 21

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Designation: C1847 −21

Standard Speciﬁcation for

Direct Buried Pre-Insulated and Jacketed Polyurethane

Bonded Low Temperature Hot Water Piping Systems

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C1847; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope

1.1 This speciﬁcation covers direct buried underground

pre-insulated, hot water piping systems with an upper tempera-

ture limit of 250 °F (121 °C) used to convey pressurized ﬂuids

for district heating. In the pre-insulated pipe industry and in

this standard, this temperature range is called “low temperature

hot water”.

1.2 This speciﬁcation shall not be used for low-pressure

steam systems, steam trap discharge or pressurized condensate

systems, since there is a high risk of exceeding the upper

temperature limits. Pumped condensate return lines that are

vented to atmosphere are considered to be low temperature hot

water and are acceptable for this application.

1.3 This speciﬁcation covers only piping systems insulated

and jacketed with bonded polyurethane (PUR) rigid foam. A

piping system consists of both straight sections of pre-insulated

piping as well as pre-insulated ﬁttings and ﬁeld closures of the

insulation system, and all materials required to ensure a water

tight insulation system which will preclude water from entering

the insulation from the surrounding soil. This speciﬁcation

does not encompass insulating or jacketing materials, or

insulation methods, which do not produce factory, pre-

fabricated, insulated and jacketed units for assembly at the ﬁeld

site.

1.4 The insulated piping systems covered by this speciﬁca-

tion do not possess an air gap between the carrier pipe and the

insulation nor between the insulation and jacket. For straight

pipe sections of the piping systems covered by this

speciﬁcation, these three components are bonded together.

1.5 The carrier piping that is part of the insulated piping

system covered by this speciﬁcation shall be designed,

fabricated, and tested to the requirements of ANSI/ASME

B31.1 (Power Piping).

1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded

as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati-

cal conversions to SI units that are provided for information

only and are not considered to be the standard.

1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-

mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-

dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-

ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:

A53/A53M Speciﬁcation for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-

Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless

A105/A105M Speciﬁcation for Carbon Steel Forgings for

Piping Applications

A106/A106M Speciﬁcation for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe

for High-Temperature Service

A234/A234M Speciﬁcation for Piping Fittings of Wrought

Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High

Temperature Service

A312/A312M Speciﬁcation for Seamless, Welded, and

Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes

A403/A403M Speciﬁcation for Wrought Austenitic Stainless

Steel Piping Fittings

B88 Speciﬁcation for Seamless Copper Water Tube

C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation

C335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Properties

of Pipe Insulation

C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission

Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

C1409 Guide for Measuring and Estimating Quantities of

Insulated Piping and Components

This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on

Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.40 on

Insulation Systems.

Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published June 2021. DOI: 10.1520/

C1847-21.

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics

D1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid

Cellular Plastics

D1622 Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid Cellular

Plastics

D2126 Test Method for Response of Rigid Cellular Plastics

to Thermal and Humid Aging

D2310 Classiﬁcation for Machine-Made “Fiberglass”

(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe

(Withdrawn 2017)

D2996 Speciﬁcation for Filament-Wound “Fiberglass”

(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe

D3350 Speciﬁcation for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fit-

tings Materials

D6226 Test Method for Open Cell Content of Rigid Cellular

Plastics

D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry

Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to

Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-

ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals

2.2 ANSI/ASME Standards:

B16.9 Butt Welded Fittings

B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket Welding and Threaded

B16.22 Wrought Copper Fittings

B31.1 Power Piping

2.3 SSPC/NACE Standards:

SP-10 (NACE-2) Near-White Blast Cleaning

NACE-RP-0394 Application, Performance and Quality

Control of Plant Applied Fusion Bonded Epoxy External

Pipe Coating

3. Terminology

3.1 For descriptions of terms used in this speciﬁcation, refer

to Terminologies C168 and D883.

3.2 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:

3.2.1 bonded, v—a pre-insulated pipe insulation system

where the insulation is sufficiently adhered to both the carrier

pipe and jacket such that the system passes the testing for

adhesive/bond strength required in Table 1.

3.2.2 carrier pipe and ﬁtting coating, n—a tightly adhered

layer of material that provides anti-corrosive protection to the

external surface of the carrier pipe material.

3.2.3 carrier pipe and ﬁttings, n—hollow tubular products

capable of handling the pressures, temperatures, velocities, and

damaging effects (corrosion, erosion, etc.) of the ﬂuid being

transported by the thermal distribution system.

3.2.4 centering device, n—a method or appliance used to

assure the concentricity of the carrier pipe and ﬁttings, thermal

insulation, and insulation jacket.

3.2.5 insulation jacket, n—a casing or jacket of protective

material applied around the thermal insulation under controlled

The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on

www.astm.org.

Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,

4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

Available from NACE International (NACE), 15835 Park Ten Pl., Houston, TX

77084, http://www.nace.org.

TABLE 1

Property Value

Density, minimum lb./ft

(kg/m

)2.5 (40)

Compressive resistance at 10% deformation or yield, whichever

occurs ﬁrst, parallel to rise, minimum lb./in

(kPa)

40 (276)

Initial apparent thermal conductivity by Test Method C518 at a mean

temperature of 75 °F (24 °C), BTU-in/hr-ft

-°F (W/m-K)

Maximum aged apparent thermal conductivity, by Test Method C335

or ISO 8497 at mean temperatures shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Closed cell content per Test Method D6226, minimum % 88

Maximum linear change % at 250 °F per Test Method D2126 6

Assembly bond shear strength , minimum lb./in

(kPa)

At73°F±4°F(23°C±2°C)un-aged and thermally aged

17.4 (120)

Assembly bond shear strength, minimum lb./in

(kPa)

Pipeat284°F±4°F(140°C±2°C),un-aged and thermally aged

11.6 (80)

Visual Defects:

Discolored streaks or areas None signiﬁcant

Soft or sticky spots None signiﬁcant

Cracks, gaps, disbondments None signiﬁcant

Voids < 5% of cross section area

Largest dimension of any single void < 25% insulation thickness

The Manufacturer shall measure initial apparent thermal conductivity of the insulation on a monthly basis, shall maintain records of these values, and shall make these

records available to the purchaser if requested. These initial apparent thermal conductivity values shall not be used to demonstrate compliance with the aged apparent

thermal conductivity requirements in Table 2. For monthly quality control, the initial apparent thermal conductivity shall be determined in accordance with Test Method C518.

C1847 − 21

conditions at the time and location of application of the thermal

system component thermal insulation.

3.2.6 jacket outside diameter, n—the sum of the carrier pipe

outside diameter and twice the sum of the optional carrier pipe

dry ﬁlm coating thickness, insulation thickness, and jacket

thickness.

3.2.7 joining, v—a method of connecting together two units

of the thermal distribution system that maintains the strength

and ﬂuid tightness of the carrier pipe and ﬁttings and the

continuity and integrity of the insulation and jacket.

3.2.8 leakage-free joint, n—a group of methods for joining

carrier piping sections and components using welding for steel

and stainless steel, and brazing for copper that create rigid,

pressure testable joints with zero leakage.

3.2.8.1 Discussion—All other joint types, including me-

chanical joints such as bell and spigot joints, sliding joints, and

deformable gasket type joints are speciﬁcally not considered to

be leakage-free and do not meet the requirement of this

standard.

3.2.9 pre-insulated, adj—thermal insulation applied to the

carrier pipe and ﬁttings at the system supplier’s manufacturing

facilities.

3.2.9.1 Discussion—Thermal insulation applied at or near

the system installation site by an installer or other organization

not engaged in manufacturing pre-insulated system compo-

nents does not conform to this deﬁnition.

3.2.10 vapor (water) stop, n—a device or method used at the

terminations of a thermal distribution system (such as building

and manhole entries) that prevent the ingress of water into the

thermal insulation; alternatively a device or method that seals

the ends of individual thermal distribution system units.

4. Ordering Information

4.1 Orders for thermal distribution systems purchased under

this speciﬁcation shall include the following information:

4.1.1 Thermal system service pressure, temperature and

transported ﬂuids.

4.1.2 Insulation thickness or heat transfer losses (or gains)

per unit length of carrier pipe required, and the system

environmental conditions that apply such as burial depth, soil

conditions, and soil temperatures, etc.

4.1.3 Statutory or code requirements applicable to the car-

rier piping system design, fabrication, testing, inspection, and

installation (see Annex A1).

4.1.4 Carrier pipe and ﬁtting material speciﬁcation and

grade, size, pressure rating or wall thickness, conﬁguration and

end preparations (see Annex A1).

4.1.5 Optional carrier pipe and ﬁtting coatings (see 5.2).

4.1.6 Thermal insulation material (see 5.3).

4.1.7 Thermal insulation jacket material (see 5.4).

4.1.8 Physical sizes and dimensions (see Section 7).

4.1.9 Field closure joint preferences (see Section 8).

4.1.10 Certiﬁcation, inspection and testing requirements in

addition to those speciﬁed (see Section 15).

4.1.11 Unit marking in addition to those speciﬁed (see

Sections 16 and 17).

4.1.12 Shipping method if other than speciﬁed (see Section

18).

4.2 Order quantities for thermal distribution systems pur-

chased under this speciﬁcation shall be speciﬁed by providing

all necessary point to point layout dimensional information,

including slopes, termination points, direction changes, expan-

sion loops, and all unique components and features. Thermal

distribution systems purchased by this method are then pro-

vided as a fully engineered and pre-fabricated system com-

prised of units and joining materials that minimize installation

time and the number of ﬁeld joints required to complete the

system.

4.3 Order quantities for thermal distribution systems pur-

chased under this speciﬁcation are in some cases speciﬁed by

unit count. System orders under this method must be agreed

between purchaser and supplier as to deﬁnitions and dimen-

sions of system units, components, and materials. Guide C1409

is a useful guide for reaching agreement on layout measure-

ment methods, unit and component deﬁnitions, and terminol-

ogy. Thermal distribution systems purchased by this method

require cutting standard unit lengths to size at least once in

each run length and in most situations will result in a higher

number of ﬁeld joints, lower quality of the installation, and

longer installation times.

5. Materials and Manufacture

5.1 Carrier Pipe and Pipe Fitting Materials—Carrier pipe

and carrier pipe ﬁtting material shall be selected from those

materials listed in Annex A1 and shall meet the statutory and

code requirements for design and service appropriate for the

ﬂuid temperature, pressure, longevity, chemical compatibility,

and resistance to the damaging effects of corrosion.

5.2 Optional Coating of Carbon Steel Carrier Pipe and

Fittings—When carbon steel carrier pipe and ﬁtting materials

have been speciﬁed, they are in some cases coated, as an

option, to enhance corrosion resistance and service life. When

this option has been ordered by the purchaser, the steel pipe

and ﬁtting outside surfaces shall be prepared by abrasive

blasting to near white condition in accordance with SSPC-

SP10 and primed or coated without delay to prevent the

formation of rust bloom. The coating materials listed below are

effective when applied by suitable spray techniques to the

minimum thicknesses indicated. The dry ﬁlm coating thickness

shall be determined in accordance with Practice D7091.

5.2.1 Epoxy Coating, shall typically be a two part system

consisting of a base material and curing agent (hardener).

Factory applied fusion bonded epoxy to the requirements of

NACE-RP-0394 is also acceptable. Dry ﬁlm coating thickness

shall be a minimum of 0.008 in. (200 µm).

5.2.2 Zinc Rich Coating, shall be a high solids, inorganic

material consisting of a liquid vehicle and dry powdered zinc

ﬂake. Dry ﬁlm coating thickness shall be a minimum of 0.003

in. (76 µm).

5.2.3 Polymer Coating, shall be an elastomeric polymer

(plastic) usually consisting of polyurethane, polyurea, or a

blend of both. Dry ﬁlm coating thickness shall be a minimum

of 0.020 in. (500 µm).

C1847 − 21

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摘要：

ASTM C1847 - 21 是一项由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布的标准规范，主要针对水泥基隔热材料的测试方法与性能要求。该标准为建筑与工业领域提供统一的技术依据，确保用于隔热层的 cementitious 材料在密度、导热系数、抗压强度及耐久性等方面达到可靠指标。通过明确取样、制备与试验流程，ASTM C1847 - 21 有助于工程师与质检人员评估材料在高温或低温环境下的热工表现，从而优化节能设计与施工质量。遵循该标准可减少因材料性能不符导致的工程风险，推动隔热系统在楼宇墙体、管道包

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