ASTM E1530-25 用防护热流计技术评估隔热性能的标准试验方法

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Designation: E1530 −25
Standard Test Method for
Evaluating the Resistance to Thermal Transmission by the
Guarded Heat Flow Meter Technique
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E1530; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes a steady-state technique for
the determination of the resistance to thermal transmission
(thermal resistance) of materials having a thickness of less than
25 mm. Thermal conductivity may be determined for homoge-
neous opaque solid specimens (see Note 1). This test method is
particularly useful for homogeneous, multilayer, and compos-
ite specimens having a thermal resistance in the range from
10 (cm)
2
·K·W
-1
to 400 (cm)
2
·K·W
-1
, which may be obtained
from materials with an approximate thermal conductivity range
0.1 W·m
-1
·K
-1
to 30 W·m
-1
·K
-1
over the approximate tempera-
ture range from 150 K to 600 K. It can be used outside these
ranges with reduced accuracy for thicker specimens and for
thermal conductivity values up to 60 W·m
-1
·K
-1
.
NOTE 1—A body is considered homogeneous when the property to be
measured is found to be independent of specimen dimensions.
1.2 This test method is similar in concept to Test Method
C518, but is modiﬁed to accommodate smaller test specimens,
having a higher thermal conductance. In addition, signiﬁcant
attention has been paid to ensure that the thermal resistance of
contacting surfaces is minimized and reproducible.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Related Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
D4417 Test Methods for Field Measurement of Surface
Proﬁle of Blast Cleaned Steel
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
3. Terminology
3.1 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:
3.1.1 heat ﬂux transducer (HFT), n—a device that produces
an electrical output that is a function of the heat ﬂux, in a
predeﬁned and reproducible manner.
3.1.2 thermal conductance (C), n—the time rate of heat ﬂux
through a unit area of a body induced by unit temperature
difference between the body surfaces.
3.1.2.1 average temperature of a surface, n—the area-
weighted mean temperature of that surface.
3.1.2.2 average (mean) temperature of a specimen (disc
shaped), n—the mean value of the upper and lower face
temperatures.
3.1.3 thermal conductivity (λ)—(of a solid material), n—the
time rate of heat ﬂow, under steady conditions, through unit
area, per unit temperature gradient in the direction perpendicu-
lar to the area:
3.1.3.1 apparent thermal conductivity, n—when other
modes of heat transfer through a material are present in
addition to conduction, the results of the measurements per-
formed in accordance with this test method will represent the
apparent or effective thermal conductivity for the material
tested.
3.1.4 thermal resistance (R), n—the reciprocal of thermal
conductance.
3.2 Symbols:
λ= thermal conductivity, W·m
-1
·K
-1
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.05 on Thermo-
physical Properties.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2025. Published January 2025. Originally
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as E1530 – 19. DOI:
10.1520/E1530-25.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer service at www.astm.org/contact. For Annual Book of
ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary
page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

C= thermal conductance, W·m

-2

·K

-1

R= thermal resistance, m

·K·W

-1

∆x= specimen thickness, mm

A= specimen cross-sectional area, m

Q= heat ﬂow, W

φ= heat ﬂux transducer output, mV

N= heat ﬂux transducer calibration constant, W·m

-2

·mV

-1

Nφ= heat ﬂux, W·m

∆T= temperature difference, °C

= temperature of guard heater, °C

= temperature of upper heater, °C

= temperature of lower heater, °C

= temperature of one surface of the specimen, °C

= temperature of the other surface of the specimen, °C

= mean temperature of the specimen, °C

= unknown specimen

= known calibration or reference specimen

= contacts

4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 A specimen and a heat ﬂux transducer (HFT) are

sandwiched between two ﬂat plates controlled at different

temperatures, within an insulated guard tube, to produce an

uniform heat ﬂow. A reproducible load is applied to the test

stack by pneumatic or other means, to ensure that there is a

reproducible contact resistance between the specimen and plate

surfaces. A guard surrounds the test stack and is maintained at

a uniform mean temperature of the two plates, in order to

minimize lateral heat ﬂow to and from the stack. On attaining

steady state conditions, the difference in temperature between

the surfaces contacting the specimen is measured with tem-

perature sensors embedded in the plate surfaces, together with

the electrical output of the HFT. This output (voltage) is

proportional to the heat ﬂow through the specimen, the HFT

and the interfaces between the specimen and the apparatus. The

proportionality is obtained through prior calibration of the

system with specimens of known thermal resistance measured

under the same conditions, such that contact resistance at the

surfaces can be made reproducible.

5. Signiﬁcance and Use

5.1 This test method describes a procedure to measure and

compare the thermal resistance properties of specimens (less

than 25 mm in thickness) under controlled conditions.

6. Apparatus

6.1 A schematic rendering of a typical apparatus is shown in

Fig. 1. The position of the HFT relative to the specimen is not

important (in may be on the hot or cold side) as the method is

based on the maintenance of uniform axial heat ﬂow with

minimal radial heat loss or gains. It is up to the designer/user

of the application to choose upward, downward, or horizontal

heat ﬂow, although downwards heat ﬂow in a vertical stack is

most commonly used.

6.2 Key Components of a Typical Device (The numbers 1 to

22 in parentheses refer to Fig. 1):

6.2.1 The adjustable compressive force for the stack is to be

provided by either a regulated pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder

(1), dead weights or a spring loaded mechanism. In either case,

means shall be provided to ensure that the loading can be

varied and set to selected reproducible values.

FIG. 1 Key Components of a Typical Device

E1530 − 25

6.2.2 The loading force shall be transmitted to the stack

through a gimball joint (2) that allows up to 5° swivel in the

plane perpendicular to the axis of the stack.

6.2.3 A suitable insulator plate (3) separates the gimball

joint from the upper plate (4).

6.2.4 The upper plate (assumed to be the hot plate for the

purposes of this description) is equipped with a heater (5) and

control temperature sensor (6) adjacent to the heater, to

maintain the desired temperature. (Other means of producing

and maintaining temperature may also be used providing the

requirements in 6.3 are met.) The construction of the upper

plate is such as to ensure uniform heat distribution across the

face in contact with the specimen (8). A temperature sensor (7)

that deﬁnes the temperature of the interface on the plate side is

attached to this face (or embedded in close proximity to it) such

that it does not interfere with the specimen/plate interface.

6.2.5 The specimen (8) is in direct contact with the upper

plate on one side and an intermediate plate (9) on the other

side.

6.2.6 The intermediate plate (9) is an optional item. Its

purpose is to provide a highly conductive environment to the

second temperature sensor (10), to obtain an average tempera-

ture of the surface. If the temperature sensor (10) is embedded

into the face of the HFT, or other means are provided to deﬁne

the temperature of the surface facing the specimen, the use of

the intermediate plate is not mandatory.

6.2.7 The heat ﬂux transducer (HFT) is a device that will

generate an electrical signal in proportion to the heat ﬂux

across it. The level of output required (sensitivity) signiﬁcantly

depends on the rest of the instrumentation used for its

evaluation. The overall performance of the HFT and its readout

instrumentation shall be such as to meet the requirements in

Section 13.

6.2.8 The lower plate (12) is constructed similarly to the

upper plate (4), except it is positioned as the mirror image.

Both plates shall have a uniform thickness with the surfaces in

contact with the specimen being ﬂat and parallel and having a

surface roughness of less than 10 µm maximum.

6.2.9 An insulator plate (16) separates the lower plate (12)

from the heat sink (17). In case of using circulating ﬂuid in

place of a heater/temperature sensor arrangement in the upper

or lower plates, or both, the heat sink may or may not be

present.

6.2.10 The entire stack is surrounded by a guard tube,

insulated from heat losses to the outside, with a cross section

that is not too different from that of the stacks (18) equipped

with a heater or cooling coils (19), or both, and a similar

control temperature sensor (20) to maintain it at the mean

temperature between the upper and lower plates. A small,

generally unﬁlled, gap separates the guard from the stack. For

instruments limited to operate in the ambient region, no guard

is necessary although the use of a draft shield is recommended.

NOTE 2—For materials in the higher thermal conductivity range, in

particular, it is permissible to use a very thin layer of a suitable high

conductivity contact medium on the contacting surfaces of the specimen

to further reduce the thermal resistance of the interface and promote

uniform thermal contact across the interface area. Calibration shall be

performed under similar conditions of use or non-use of the contact

medium.

NOTE 3—Useful information on interfacial materials used for this test

method is available from literature.

NOTE 4—The cross-sectional area and the shape of the specimen can be

any, however, circular and rectangular cross sections are most commonly

used. Minimum size is dictated by the magnitude of the disturbance

caused by thermal sensors in relation to the overall ﬂux distribution. The

most common sizes are 25 mm and 50 mm disks.

6.2.11 The measurement system is preferably equipped with

suitable means (21) to measure the in situ thickness of the

specimen and provide a means (22) to limit compression when

testing soft materials.

NOTE 5—This requirement is also mandatory for testing materials that

soften while heated.

6.3 Requirements:

6.3.1 Temperature control of upper and lower plate is to be

60.1 °C or better.

6.3.2 Reproducible load of 0.28 MPa has been found to be

satisfactory for solid specimens. The minimum load shall not

be less than 0.07 MPa.

6.3.3 Temperature sensors are usually ﬁne gage or small-

diameter sheath thermocouples, however, ultraminiature resis-

tance thermometers and linear thermistors may also be used.

6.3.4 Operating range of a device using a mean temperature

guard shall be limited to from −100 °C to 300 °C, when using

thermocouples as temperature sensors, and from −180 °C to

300 °C when platinum resistance thermometers are used.

Thermistors are normally present on more restricted allowable

temperature range of use.

7. Sampling and Conditioning

7.1 Cut representative test specimens from larger pieces of

the sample material or body.

7.2 Condition the cut specimens in accordance with the

requirements of the appropriate material speciﬁcations, if any.

8. Test Specimen

8.1 The specimen to be tested should be representative for

the sample material. The recommended specimen conﬁgura-

tions of 25 mm or 50 mm 60.25 mm diameter disks or

squares, shall have smooth ﬂat and parallel surfaces, ﬁnish of

10 µm (that is, an average roughness (Ra) of 10 µm (see Test

Methods D4417)) or less where possible, such that a uniform

thickness within 60.025 mm is attained in the range from

0.5 mm to 25.4 mm. For testing specimens having a thickness

less than 0.5 mm, an alternative technique, described in Annex

A1, is required.

NOTE 6—Guide E3 can be consulted for practices to achieve a suitably

smooth surface of the test material.

9. Calibration

9.1 Calibration of the system shall be undertaken using a set

of reference specimens having a range of thermal resistance

Stacey, C., Sumpkin, A. J., and Jarrett, R. N., “Techniques for Reducing

Thermal Contact Resistance in Steady-State Thermal Conductivity Measurements

on Polymer Composites,” International Journal of Thermophysics, Vol 37, 2016, p.

107.

E1530 − 25

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标签： #标准试验 #试验方法 #标准试验方法

摘要：

ASTM E1530-25是评估材料隔热性能的重要标准试验方法，采用防护热流计技术（Guarded Heat Flow Meter Technique）精确测量热传导率与热阻值。该标准适用于各种绝热材料、建筑保温层、工业隔热系统、冷热管道包覆层以及电子元器件散热材料的性能验证。通过严格控制的稳态热流条件下测量样品两侧温差与通过样品的热通量，ASTM E1530-25能够为工程师、质检人员和科研机构提供可比、可靠且可重复的隔热数据，帮助优化产品设计、满足建筑节能法规要求以及提升能效表现。该标准版本

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ASTM E1530-25 用防护热流计技术评估隔热性能的标准试验方法

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