ASTM E2257-24 墙体和天花板材料及组件的房间火灾试验的标准试验方法

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Designation: E2257 −24 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials and
Assemblies
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E2257; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This is a ﬁre-test-response standard.
1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate, under speciﬁed
ﬁre-exposure conditions, the contribution to room ﬁre growth
provided by wall or ceiling materials and assemblies, or both.
The method is not intended to evaluate the ﬁre endurance of
assemblies or ﬁres originating in the wall assembly. The
method provides a means to evaluate the effectiveness of
thermal barriers in restricting the contribution of combustible
materials in the wall assembly to ﬁre growth in a room ﬁre.
1.3 This test method, simulating a ﬁre in the corner of a
2420 mm by 3630 mm (8 ft by 12 ft) room containing a single
open doorway, provides a means to evaluate the relative
performance of speciﬁed wall and ceiling materials or assem-
blies when they are used together in the same relationship
within an enclosure, and simulating the manner in which they
will be used.
1.4 This test method is intended to evaluate the contribution
to ﬁre growth provided by a surface product using a speciﬁed
ignition source. It shall, however, be noted that the type,
position and heat output of the ignition source will consider-
ably inﬂuence ﬁre growth. The thermal exposure conditions
from the ignition source speciﬁed in this method will result in
ﬂashover during the 20 min duration for many common ﬁnish
materials, in particular if specimens are mounted on the walls
and the ceiling (standard conﬁguration).
1.5 This test method provides a means for evaluating wall
and ceiling ﬁnish materials and assemblies, including panels,
tiles, boards, sprayed or brushed coatings, etc. This test method
is not intended to evaluate ﬂooring materials or furnishings.
1.6 This method shall be used in conjunction with Guide
E603, which covers instrumentation and the general effect of
various parameters, and Guide E2067, which deals with
full-scale oxygen consumption calorimetry.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.8 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
which provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
notes (excluding those in ﬁgures) shall not be considered as
requirements of the standard.
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and ﬂame
under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate
all factors required for ﬁre-hazard or ﬁre-risk assessment of the
materials, products, or assemblies under actual ﬁre conditions.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-
guards for personnel and property shall be employed in
conducting these tests.
1.12 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
Building Materials
E136 Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials
Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
E906/E906M Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and
Combustion Products.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2024. Published October 2024. Originally
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as E2257 – 22. DOI:
10.1520/E2257-24.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at www.astm.org/contact. For Annual Book of
ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary
page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Ther-
mopile Method
E1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-
sumption Calorimeter
E2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-
rimetry Fire Tests
2.2 ISO Standards:
3
ISO 9705-1 Reaction to Fire Tests—Room Corner Test for
Wall and Ceiling Lining Products—Part 1: Test Method
for a Small Room Conﬁguration
ISO 13943 Fire Safety—Vocabulary
2.3 NFPA Standards:
4
NFPA 265 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating Room
Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Coverings
NFPA 286 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating Contri-
bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire
Growth
3. Terminology
3.1 Deﬁnitions—For deﬁnitions of terms used in this
standard, see Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case of
conﬂict, the deﬁnitions given in Terminology E176 shall
prevail.
3.1.1 assembly, n—a unit or structure composed of a com-
bination of materials or products, or both. E176
3.1.2 ﬂashover, n—the rapid transition to a state of total
surface involvement in a ﬁre of combustible materials within
an enclosure.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Flashover is a ﬂuid-mechanical com-
bustion instability within an enclosure that occurs when the
surface temperatures of an enclosure and its contents rise
rapidly, producing combustible gases and vapors, and the
enclosure heat ﬂux becomes sufficient to heat these gases and
vapors to their ignition temperatures. At ﬂashover, the volume
occupied by hot combustion gases rapidly increases and ends
up comprising more than 50 % of the enclosure’s volume.
Experimentally it is found that ﬂashover occurs when the upper
gas layer temperature surpasses 600 °C or when the radiant
heat ﬂux at the ﬂoor surpasses 20 kW/m
2
. Visually, ﬂashover
often corresponds to a transition from ﬂaming on a few
surfaces to ﬂames throughout the volume of the enclosure.
E176
3.1.3 heat ﬂux, n—heat transfer to a surface per unit area,
per unit time.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The heat ﬂux from an energy source,
such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of a
test (such as Test Method E1354 or Test Method E906/E906M)
and then reported as the initial test heat ﬂux, with the
understanding that the burning of the test specimen can
generate additional heat ﬂux to the specimen surface. The heat
ﬂux can also be measured at any time during a ﬁre test, for
example as described in Guide E603, on any surface, and with
measurement devices responding to radiative and convective
ﬂuxes. Typical units are kW/m
2
, W/cm
2
, or BTU/(s ft
2
). E176
3.1.4 heat release rate, n—the thermal energy released per
unit time by an item during combustion under speciﬁed
conditions. E176
3.1.5 optical density of smoke, n—a measure of the attenu-
ation of a light beam through smoke, expressed as the common
logarithm of the ratio of the incident ﬂux, I
0
, to the transmitted
ﬂux, I.E176
3.1.6 oxygen consumption principle, n—the expression of
the relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed during
combustion and the heat released. E176
3.1.7 smoke, n—the airborne solid and liquid particulates
and gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or
combustion.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—So-called chemical smokes are ex-
cluded from this deﬁnition. E176
3.1.8 smoke obscuration, n—reduction of light transmission
by smoke, as measured by light attenuation. E176
3.2 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:
3.2.1 specimen, n—representative piece of the product,
which is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This method uses a gas burner to produce a diffusion
ﬂame in contact with the walls and ceiling in the corner of a
2420 mm by 3630 mm by 2420 mm (8 ft by 12 ft by 8 ft) high
room. The burner produces a prescribed net rate of heat output
of 100 kW (5690 Btu/min) during the ﬁrst 10 min, followed by
300 kW (17 060 Btu ⁄min) during the next 10 min. The
contribution of the wall and ceiling materials or assemblies to
ﬁre growth is measured in terms of the time history of the
incident heat ﬂux on the center of the ﬂoor, the time history of
the temperature of the gases in the upper part of the room, the
time to ﬂashover, and the rate of heat release. The test is
conducted with natural ventilation to the room provided
through a single doorway 780 mm by 2015 mm (30 in. by 80
in.) in width and height. The combustion products are collected
in a hood feeding into a plenum connected to an exhaust duct
in which measurements are made of the gas velocity,
temperature, light obscuration, and concentrations of oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide.
5. Signiﬁcance and Use
5.1 This ﬁre test is applicable to a description of certain ﬁre
performance characteristics in appraising wall and ceiling
materials, products, or systems under speciﬁed ﬁre-exposure
conditions in an enclosure. The test indicates the maximum
extent of ﬁre growth in a room, the rate of heat release, and if
they occur, the time to ﬂashover, and the time to ﬂame
extension beyond the doorway following ﬂashover. It deter-
mines the extent to which the wall and ceiling materials or
assemblies contribute to ﬁre growth in a room and the potential
for ﬁre spread beyond the room, under the particular conditions
simulated. It does not measure the contribution of the room
contents. (See Appendix X1, Commentary.)
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de
Varembé, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.
4
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
E2257 − 24
2

5.2 Flashover shall be considered to have occurred when

any two of the following conditions have been attained:

(a) Heat release rate exceeds 1 MW.

(b) Heat ﬂux at the ﬂoor exceeds 20 kW/m

(d) Flames exit doorway.

(e) A paper target on the ﬂoor auto-ignites.

5.2.1 Time to ﬂashover shall be the time from start of test

until the second condition has been attained.

5.3 The potential for the spread of ﬁre to other objects in the

room, remote from the ignition source, is evaluated by mea-

surements of: (a) the total heat ﬂux incident on the center of the

ﬂoor, and (b) a characteristic upper level gas temperature in the

room.

5.4 The potential for the spread of ﬁre to objects outside the

room of origin is evaluated by the measurement of the rate of

heat release of the ﬁre.

5.5 Measurements of the rate of production of carbon

monoxide, carbon dioxide, and visible smoke are taken.

5.6 The overall performance of the test specimen is visually

documented by full-color photographic records. Video taping

of the complete ﬁre test is an acceptable alternative to the

photographic record. Such records show when each area of the

test specimen becomes involved in the ﬁre.

5.7 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to a

speciﬁc set of laboratory ﬁre test exposure conditions. If

different test conditions are substituted or the anticipated

end-use conditions are changed, it is not known whether it is

possible by use of this test to predict changes in the perfor-

mance characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are

strictly valid only for the ﬁre test exposure conditions de-

scribed in this procedure.

6. Ignition Source

6.1 The ignition source for the test shall be a gas burner with

a nominal 170 mm by 170 mm (6.7 in. by 6.7 in.) porous top

surface of a refractory material, as shown in Fig. 1.

6.2 The top surface of the burner through which the gas is

supplied shall be located horizontally, 170 mm (6.7 in.) off the

ﬂoor, and the burner enclosure shall be in contact with both

walls in a corner of the room opposite from the door, and the

edge of the diffusion surface shall be ﬂush with the wall.

6.3 The burner shall be supplied with C.P. grade propane

(99 % purity), with a net heat of combustion of 46.5 MJ/kg 6

0.5 MJ/kg (20 000 Btu/lb 6200 Btu/lb) The gas ﬂow to the

burner shall be measured with an accuracy of at least 63 %.

The ﬂow measuring equipment shall be calibrated per the

manufacturer’s instructions at least once per year. The heat

output to the burner shall be controlled within 65 % of the

prescribed value.

6.4 The gas supply to the burner shall produce a net heat

output of 100 kW 63 kW (5690 Btu/min 6170 Btu/min) for

the ﬁrst 10 min, followed by 300 kW 610 kW (17060 Btu/min

6570 Btu/min) for the next 10 min.

NOTE 1—This corresponds to a ﬂow of approximately 67.3 L/min at

100 kW, and 202.0 L/min at 300 kW for propane with a net heat of

combustion of 46.5 MJ/kg, under standard conditions of 101 kPa pressure

and 20 °C temperature.

6.5 The burner shall be ignited by a pilot burner or a

remotely controlled spark igniter.

6.6 Burner controls shall be provided for automatic gas

supply shut-off if ﬂameout occurs.

7. Compartment Geometry and Construction

NOTE 2—The choices for the size of compartment ﬁre experiments are

discussed in Guide E603. The compartment dimensions and tolerances

deﬁned in this section have been chosen to make it convenient to utilize

both standard U.S. size 1.22 m by 2.44 m (4 ft by 8 ft) building materials

or panels and standard 1.2 m by 2.4 m panel sizes common outside the

U.S.

7.1 The room shall consist of four walls at right angles,

ﬂoor, and ceiling and shall have the following inner dimen-

sions: 3630 mm 630 mm (12 ft) in length, 2420 mm 620 mm

(8 ft) in width, and 2420 mm 620 mm (8 ft) in height (see Fig.

2). The room shall be placed indoors in an essentially draft

free, conditioned space, large enough to ensure that there is no

inﬂuence on the test ﬁre. In order to facilitate the mounting of

the instruments and of the ignition source, it is convenient to

place the test room so that the ﬂoor is accessible from beneath.

7.2 There shall be a doorway in the center of one of the

2420 mm by 2420 mm (8 ft by 8 ft) walls, and no other wall,

ﬂoor or ceiling openings that allow ventilation. The doorway

shall have the following dimensions: 780 mm 620 mm (30

in.) in width, and 2015 mm 615 mm (80 in.) in height.

7.3 The test compartment shall be a framed or a concrete-

block structure. If the former type of structure is used, the

interior walls and ceiling of the frame shall be lined with

gypsum wallboard or calcium silicate board with a density of

500 kg/m

to 800 kg/m

(31 lb/ft

to 50 lb/ft

). The minimum

thickness of the lining material shall be 20 mm (

⁄

in.).

7.4 If self-supporting panels are tested, a separate exterior

frame or block compartment is not required.

8. Instrumentation in the Fire Room

8.1 The following are minimum requirements for instru-

mentation for this test. Added instrumentation is desirable for

further information.

8.2 Heat Flux:

8.2.1 Speciﬁcation—The total heat ﬂux meters shall be of

the Gardon (foil) or the Schmidt-Boelter (thermopile) type with

a design range of approximately 50 kW/m

(4.4 Btu/ft

s). The

target receiving radiation, and possibly to a small extent

convection, shall be ﬂat, circular, not more than 15 mm (

⁄

in.)

in diameter and coated with a durable matt black ﬁnish. The

target shall be contained within a water-cooled body whose

front face shall be of highly polished metal, ﬂat, coinciding

with the plane of the target and circular, with a diameter of not

more than 50 mm (2 in.) The heat ﬂux meter shall have an

accuracy of at least 63 % and a repeatability within 60.5 %.

In operation, the meter shall be maintained at a constant

temperature, at least 5 °C above the dew point.

8.2.2 Location—The heat ﬂux meter shall be mounted at the

geometric center of the ﬂoor (see Fig. 2). The target area shall

be between 5 mm and 30 mm (

⁄

in. and 1

⁄

in.) above the

ﬂoor surface.

E2257 − 24

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标签： #板材 #标准试验 #天花板

摘要：

ASTM E2257-24 标准详细规定了用于评估墙体和天花板材料及组件在受控房间火灾条件下性能的试验方法，旨在通过模拟真实火灾场景中的火焰蔓延、热释放速率、烟气生成及温度分布等关键参数，为建筑材料的火灾安全等级提供统一且可重复的测试依据。该标准适用于各类内装饰材料、复合板材、隔热层及整体建筑组件，帮助制造商、建筑师、消防工程师及监管机构准确判断材料在火灾中的响应行为，从而优化设计选材、提升建筑防火性能并满足国际建筑规范要求。通过遵循本标准的测试流程，用户能够获得客观数据以支持产品认证、合规声明

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ASTM E2257-24 墙体和天花板材料及组件的房间火灾试验的标准试验方法

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