ASTM C92 - 95 (2022)e1

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Designation: C92 −95 (Reapproved 2022)
´1
Standard Test Methods for
Sieve Analysis and Water Content of Refractory Materials
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C92; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε
1
NOTE—The title “ASTM Sieves” was added over the ﬁrst column of Table 1 editorially in April 2022.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover a wet and a dry method for
sieve analysis of refractory materials.
1.1.1 Wet Sieve Analysis—Water promotes the slaking of
clays and helps to separate ﬁne particles, washing them from
the larger grains. This method is recommended for use with
materials that require water addition, and that slake in normal
industrial use.
1.1.2 Dry Sieve Analysis—The dry method is not as effec-
tive as the wet method in determining the amount of material
present in the smaller particle sizes. It is recommended (1) for
clays, when the slaking action of water is undesirable, (2) when
the material is in the form of coarsely ground grog and calcine,
and (3) when the clay is to be used in such a way that the
ultimate particle size is of secondary importance.
1.2 These test methods also cover determination of the
water content of refractory materials in the wet condition and
of air-dried samples as received, so that the sieve analysis can
be calculated on the dry basis. Included is a method for
obtaining the water content of other refractory materials, such
as plastic refractories and wet mixes.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C429 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for
Glass Manufacture
E11 Speciﬁcation for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
2.2 Other Document:
ASTM STP 447 Manual on Test Sieving Methods
3
3. Signiﬁcance and Use
3.1 Particle size distribution has a major effect upon most of
the refractory properties. These test methods provide a means
of measuring the distribution for the purpose of comparison to
the desired distribution.
3.2 These test methods also cover determination of the
water content of refractory materials in the wet condition and
of air-dried samples received, so that the sieve analysis can be
calculated on the dry basis.
3.3 These methods can produce data for speciﬁcation
acceptance, design purposes, manufacturing control, and re-
search and development.
3.4 A reference set of standard matched or calibrated sieves
4
shall be provided for use in checking the set of sieves used in
the actual sieve analysis of samples. The sieves for use in sieve
analysis may also be standard matched sieves or may be
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
Properties.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published February 2022. Originally
approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C92 – 95 (2015). DOI:
10.1520/C0092-95R22E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428.
4
The sole source of supply of matched sieves known to the committee at this
time is W. S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor, OH 44060. If you are aware of alternative
suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.
Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee,
1
which you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

unmatched sieves conforming to the Speciﬁcation Table in
Speciﬁcation E11, provided that such sieves will give results
that differ by no more than 5 % from those obtained with the
reference set when the two sets are compared in accordance
with the section of Test Method C429 on testing of sieves and
sample splitters.
4. Apparatus
4.1 ASTM sieves, or the equivalent Tyler series listed in
Table 1, shall be used. The wire cloth for the sieves, described
in Speciﬁcation E11, shall be woven (not twilled) and mounted
without distortion or looseness in 8-in. (200 mm) diameter
circular frames. Pans and covers shall be provided for the
sieves.
5. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
5.1 A representative sample of the material to be tested shall
weigh at least four to ﬁve times the required weight of the
actual test specimen. Material on which the water content is to
be determined shall be packed in a watertight container.
5.2 Water Content:
5.2.1 Wet-Type Air-Setting Refractory Mortars—Remove
approximately 50 g of the material immediately after opening
the original container and after carefully mixing the contents.
To facilitate handling the specimen, place it on a tared piece of
waxed paper or aluminum weighing dish. Weigh the test
specimen to the nearest 0.1 g both before and after drying for
24 h at 220 to 230 °F (105 to 110 °C). Calculate the percentage
of water to the nearest 0.1 % on the as-received basis.
5.2.2 Materials Other Than Wet-Type Air-Setting Refractory
Mortars (ground ﬁre clays, ﬁreclay mortars, dry-type air-
setting mortars, plastic refractories, and similar materials)—If
the material is shipped in the wet condition, prevent loss of
water before obtaining a test specimen of approximately 250 g.
Weigh the test specimen to the nearest 0.1 g both before and
after drying for3hat220to230°F(105 to 110 °C). Calculate
the percentage of water to the nearest 0.1 % on the as-received
basis. The dried specimen may be required for further tests (see
Sections 6and 7).
WET SIEVE ANALYSIS
6. Dry Materials
6.1 If the material is received in the dry condition, the test
specimen (Note 1) shall consist of the dried and weighed test
specimen prepared in accordance with 5.2.2.
NOTE 1—The size of the test specimen may be changed by reason of the
nature of the material. For example, some clays tend to pack or cake on
the sieves when ground to exceedingly ﬁne particle size, in which case a
100 g sample may be used. For plastic refractories or coarsely ground
mixes, the weight of the specimen could be increased to 500 g.
7. Wet Materials
7.1 Materials prepared with water (plastic refractories, wet-
type high-temperature bonding mortars, etc.) shall be tested as
received. Take two test specimens immediately after opening
the original container and, in the case of mortars, after carefully
mixing the contents. Use one specimen for determining the
water content in accordance with either 5.2.1 or 5.2.2. Obtain
approximately 250 g of the other specimen (Note 1) for sieve
analysis. Weigh the test specimen to the nearest 0.1 g and
transfer to the 1 dm
3
container (see Section 8). Wash the
utensils used during weighing (to which a small part of the
sample may adhere) with a small jet of water from a
1
⁄
4
-in. (6
mm) hose to ensure a quantitative transfer of the weighed
specimen to the container.
8. Procedure
8.1 Place the test specimen into a container of about 1 dm
3
capacity. Add sufficient water to form a slurry. Allow slaking to
proceed for 1 h, after which a further addition of water may be
necessary. Then transfer the test specimen (without loss) to the
ﬁnest sieve to be used in the analysis. Wash with a small jet of
water from a
1
⁄
4
-in. (6 mm) rubber hose until the water passing
through the sieve contains only traces of the specimen.
Exercise care during washing to prevent loss by splashing. It
may be necessary to break up lumps by gently rubbing between
the ﬁngers, but never by rubbing or pressing against the sieve.
Then dry the washed residue in the sieve to constant weight at
220 to 230 °F (105 to 110 °C). This usually requires about 2 h.
If desired, a preliminary drying period at a lower temperature
may be used. Then transfer the dried residue to the top or
coarsest sieve of the series to be used. Complete the sieving
and weighing operations in accordance with Section 10 or 11.
9. Calculation and Report
9.1 Calculate the wet sieve analysis for the test specimen on
the dry weight, and report the results to the nearest 0.1 % of the
material retained on each sieve (Note 2). Report the percentage
passing the ﬁnest sieve as the difference between 100 % and
the sum of the percentages retained on the other sieves.
NOTE 2—As an alternative, the results of sieve analysis may be reported
on the cumulative basis, either as the total percentage retained on or
passing each sieve.
DRY SIEVE ANALYSIS
10. Mechanical Sieving
10.1 When the sieving is to be done mechanically, arrange
the sieves in the order of size with the coarsest sieve at the top
TABLE 1 ASTM Sieves and the Equivalent Tyler Standard Series
ASTM Sieves Tyler Standard Series
(Mesh Designation) Sieve Opening
0.265 in. 3 6.7 mm
4 4 4.75 mm
6 6 3.35 mm
8 8 2.36 mm
12 10 1.70 mm
16 14 1.18 mm
20 20 850 µm
30 28 600 µm
40 35 425 µm
50 48 300 µm
70 65 212 µm
100 100 150 µm
140 150 106 µm
200 200 75 µm
C92 − 95 (2022)
´1
2

of the series. The specimen for sieving (Note 1) shall consist of
a dried and weighed material prepared in accordance with
5.2.2. Transfer the specimen to the top sieve of the series, and
mechanically sieve until less than 0.1 g passes through each
sieve after hand sieving for 1 min, as described in Section 11.
The machine-sieving operation usually requires about 15 min.
Then carefully separate the sieves and determine the amount of
material retained on each by weighing to the nearest 0.1 g.
11. Hand Sieving
11.1 The specimen for sieving (Note 1) shall consist of a
dried and weighed material prepared in accordance with 5.2.2.
Use one sieve at a time beginning with the coarsest and then
successively to ﬁner sizes. Alternately tap and rotate the sieve,
with pan and cover attached, while holding it in a slightly
inclined position so that the test sample will be well distributed
over the sieve. Continue the operation until less than 0.1 g of
the material passes through each sieve during 1 min of
continuous sieving. Determine the amount of material retained
on each sieve by weighing to the nearest 0.1 g.
12. Calculation and Report
12.1 Calculate the dry sieve analysis for the test specimen
on the dry weight, and report the results to the nearest 0.1 % of
the material retained on each sieve (Note 2). Include dust loss
with the material passing the ﬁnest sieve.
13. Precision and Bias
13.1 Interlaboratory Testing—An interlaboratory study was
conducted among seven laboratories in 1986. The same
samples of −2.5, +28 mesh tabular alumina and −14 mesh
silicon carbide were tested by each laboratory to eliminate
sampling variability. A third material, wet bauxite mortar, was
split into separate samples for each laboratory for wet sieve
analysis and moisture content tests.
13.1.1 The sponsoring laboratory used matched sieves and
ran the initial and ﬁnal dry sieve analyses on the tabular
alumina and the silicon carbide samples in order to evaluate
sample loss or sample breakdown in the repeated runs. The
total specimen loss at this end of the study was 3.7 % of the
tabular alumina and 4.3 % of the silicon carbide. Each of the
other six laboratories, with one exception, ran two repetitions
on each specimen. Thus, a total of seven sets of data with two
replicates each and one set of data with one replicate were
analyzed.
13.1.2 The wet mortar results consisted of one set of data
from each of six laboratories. Each set of data included sieve
analyses and water content on two separate samples split from
the main sample received by each laboratory.
13.1.3 Analysis of the sieve analyses data was based on the
positive accumulated difference (PAD), which is the sum of the
absolute values of the difference between the percent held on
each sieve in one repetition and the grand average of the
percent on each sieve for all repetitions. The PAD divided by
the total number of sieves within the particle size range of the
particular material gave the average PAD per sieve. Hereafter,
the value will be referred to as the average difference.
13.1.4 As shown in Tables 2 and 3, the standard deviations
within and between laboratories for the average difference was
similar for the dry tabular alumina and silicon carbide. The
standard deviations of the average difference were slightly
greater for the dry-sieved portion (+150 mesh) and much
greater for the wet-sieved portion (−150 mesh) of the wet
mortar.
13.2 Precision:
13.2.1 Precision is based on the average difference only. For
dry sieve analyses in one laboratory, the average difference for
two materials is signiﬁcantly different at a probability of 95 %
(t= 1.96) if it exceeds the repeatability (I
r
) listed for precision
in Table 2 or for relative precision (% I
r
)inTable 3. That is, the
average difference between two sieve analyses on the same
material obtained in the same laboratory will be expected to
exceed the I
r
value only about 5 % of the time. If the average
difference exceeds I
r
, there is reason to question the test results.
Likewise, the average difference for two materials obtained by
two laboratories is considered to be signiﬁcantly different if it
exceeds the applicable reproducibility intervals (IR and % IR)
in Tables 2 and 3.
13.2.2 The precision of the sieve analysis of wet materials is
treated in two parts, the dry-sieved +150 mesh and the
wet-sieved −150 mesh. For dry sieve analyses in one
laboratory, the average difference for two materials is signiﬁ-
cantly different at a probability of 95 % (t= 1.96) if it exceeds
the repeatability intervals listed for precision in Table 2 or for
relative precision in Table 3. Likewise for comparing the
average differences of two wet materials tested in two labora-
tories.
13.2.3 The precision and relative precision for the water
content of wet materials are shown in Table 2 and Table 3,
respectively, and are used in the same fashion as described in
13.2.2.
TABLE 2 Precision
Material
Average
Difference
from Grand
Average X
Standard Deviation
Within-Between
Repeatability-
Reproducibility
Intervals
Sr SL Ir IR
Tabular alumina
(−2.5×28m)
0.74 0.064 0.293 0.18 0.85
SiC (−14 m)
Grand average
0.70
0.72
0.059
0.062
0.306
0.300
0.17
0.175
0.88
0.865
Wet mortar 0.35 0.123 0.0221 0.35 0.35
(28 × 150 m)
(−150 m) 1.25 0.860 0.700 2.40 3.10
Average
Water content 12.4 0.11 1.15 0.31 3.25
TABLE 3 Relative Precision
Material
Coefficient of Variation
Within-Between
Repeatability-Repro-
ducibility Intervals
Vr VL % Ir %IR
Tabular alumina 8.7 39.8 24.7 115.1
SiC 8.4 43.7 23.7 125.8
Average 8.6 41.8 24.2 120.5
Wet mortar
(28 × 150) 34.7 5.9 98.2 99.6
(−150 m) 68.6 56.0 194.0 250.4
H
2
O content 0.88 9.2 2.5 26.2
C92 − 95 (2022)
´1
3

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摘要：

ASTM C92 - 95 (2022)e1 是一项由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布的标准化测试方法标准，最新修订于2022年并附带编辑性变更(e1)，主要涵盖了特定材料在高温条件下的热导率测定程序与技术要求。该标准为1995年首次批准的版本，经多次确认与更新后，在2022年重新确认并保持其有效性与行业指导地位。标准详细规定了样品制备、测试设备校准、测量步骤及数据计算方法，以确保在不同实验室间获得一致且可靠的热性能数据。适用于耐火材料、陶瓷、隔热材料等高温工业领域，帮助工程师和质检人员评估材

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