ASTM C182 - 19

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Designation: C182 −19
Standard Test Method for
Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Firebrick
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C182; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and
shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine
the thermal conductivity of insulating ﬁrebrick.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C155 Classiﬁcation of Insulating Firebrick
C201 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
Comparison Techniques
3. Signiﬁcance and Use
3.1 The thermal conductivity of insulating ﬁrebrick (IFB) is
a property required for the selection of IFB for a speciﬁc
thermal performance. Users select brick to provide a speciﬁed
heat-loss and cold-face temperature without exceeding the
temperature limitation of the brick. This test method estab-
lishes placement of thermocouples and the positioning of test
specimens in the calorimeter. This test method must be used
with Test Method C201.
4. Apparatus
4.1 The apparatus shall consist of that described in the
Apparatus section of Test Method C201 with the addition of
thermocouples, drilling jig, and refractory ﬁber paper as
described in Sections 6and 7.
5. Test Specimens
5.1 The test specimens shall be selected and prepared as
described in the Test Sample and Preparation section of Test
Method C201.
6. Installation of Thermocouples in Test Specimen
6.1 Thermocouples—Calibrated
3
thermocouples shall be
embedded in the test specimen at three points for measuring the
temperature. Chromel-Alumel thermocouples shall be used for
temperatures below 1400 °F (760 °C), and above that tempera-
ture platinum-10 % rhodium/platinum thermocouples shall be
used. The platinum thermocouples may also be used at the
lower temperatures, but the electromotive force (emf) will not
be as high as when using base-metal thermocouples. Wire of
AWG 28 (0.320 mm) shall be used for making either type of
thermocouple.
6.2 Installation of Thermocouples—Holes for the thermo-
couple wires shall be drilled through the 4
1
⁄
2
-in. (114-mm)
dimension of the test specimen by the use of a drilling jig so as
to obtain accurate placement of the thermocouples. The three
thermocouples shall be located so that the hot junction of the
ﬁrst couple is 0.20 in. (5.1 mm) below the hot face of the test
specimen, the junction of the second at the midpoint, and the
junction of the third 0.20 in. above the cold face. The
thermocouple wires leading out from the hot junctions shall be
located in planes parallel to the calorimeter surface. In order to
have the hot junctions over the center of the calorimeter, they
shall be located on an axis passing through the center of and at
right angles to the 9 by 4
1
⁄
2
-in. (228 by 114-mm) area of the test
specimen.
NOTE 1—Insulating ﬁrebrick that cannot be prepared to this precision
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on Thermal
Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2019. Published May 2019. Originally
approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C182 – 88 (2013).
DOI: 10.1520/C0182-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Test Method E220 speciﬁes calibration procedures for thermocouples.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
 

because of the structure of the product should be prepared in accordance

with the instructions for ﬁreclay dense refractories.

7. Set-Up of Test Specimen and Silicon Carbide Slab

7.1 Two strips of refractory ﬁber paper 13

⁄

0.02 in. (343 by 13 by 0.5 mm) shall be placed along the

⁄

-in. dimension of the inner guard at the outside edges, as

shown in Fig. 1. Twelve strips of refractory ﬁber paper 2 by

⁄

by 0.02 in. (51 by 13 by 0.5 mm) shall be placed on the outer

guard at intervals in the pattern shown in Fig. 1. These strips

serve as spacers to prevent contact between the test material

and the calorimeter assembly. The test specimen shall be

placed centrally over the center of the calorimeter section on its

9by4

⁄

-in. (228 by 114-mm) face, the guard brick placed at

the sides of the test specimen so as to completely cover the

calorimeter and inner guard area, and the soap brick placed

around the edge of the three brick so as to completely cover the

calorimeter assembly. The small space between the furnace

walls and the test brick assembly shall be ﬁlled with a

granulated insulating ﬁrebrick.

7.2 When testing Group 28, 30, 32, or 33 insulating

ﬁrebrick, it may be desirable to obtain test results at higher

mean temperatures than is possible with the sample set-up

described in 7.1. This can be accomplished by placing a 0.5-in.

(13-mm) thick layer of ceramic ﬁber-block insulation or 0.5 in.

of Group 20 insulating ﬁrebrick between the calorimeter area

and the test specimen. Sufficient material is required to cover

an area 18 by 13

⁄

in. (456 by 342 mm). The solid sheet of

back-up insulation shall be ground so as to provide surfaces

that are plane and do not vary from parallel by more than

60.01 in. (0.3 mm). This shall be placed on the refractory ﬁber

strips described in 7.1. Additional refractory ﬁber strips, in an

identical pattern, shall be placed on top of the ceramic ﬁber

board. The test specimen and guard brick shall then be placed

as described in 7.1.

7.3 The silicon carbide slab shall be placed over the 9 by

⁄

-in. (228 by 342-mm) area of the three 9-in. sample brick,

and it shall be spaced 1 in. (25 mm) above the sample by

placing under each corner of the slab rectangular pieces of

Group 30 or 32 (see Classiﬁcation C155) insulating ﬁrebrick

cut to measure

⁄

in. (10 mm) square and 1.00 in. (25.4 mm)

in length.

8. Procedure

8.1 Place the heating chamber in position, start the water

ﬂowing through the calorimeter assembly, and supply the

current to the heating unit. Above a temperature of 1470 °F

(800 °C), the furnace atmosphere shall contain a minimum of

0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles. Take the atmosphere

sample from the furnace chamber proper, preferably as near the

test specimen as possible. Maintain the rate of water ﬂow

through the calorimeter between 120 and 200 g/min, and

determine by weighing the quantity of water collected during a

measured time period. The mass of water collected shall be not

less than 200 g and shall be weighed to an accuracy of 60.5 g.

The rate of ﬂow shall be constant within 61 % during the test

period.

8.2 Allow the furnace to reach a condition of steady state of

heat ﬂow (test period), which shall be that condition when the

measured ﬂow of heat into the calorimeter varies less than 2 %

over a 2-h period, during which time the temperature difference

between the calorimeter and inner guard has not been more

than 0.05 °F (0.03 °C), the hot face of the test specimen has not

varied more than 65°F (63 °C), and the temperature of the

water entering the calorimeter has not varied at a rate of more

than 1 °F (0.5 °C) ⁄h (Note 2). Usually, 12 h or more is needed

to obtain a balance with the apparatus after a deﬁnite change is

made in the hot-face temperature.

NOTE 2—Signiﬁcant errors will result if the tolerances speciﬁed are

exceeded.

8.3 After the steady state of heat ﬂow has been reached,

measure the temperature of the test specimen, the rate of water

ﬂow through the calorimeter, and the temperature rise of the

water ﬂowing through the calorimeter. Take at least four sets of

readings (Note 3) at approximately 30-min intervals during the

2-h holding period, and average these for the ﬁnal values for

that particular heating chamber temperature. Obtain such data

when the heating chamber is maintained at the temperatures

recommended in Table 1. Temperatures other than those given

in the table may be used to obtain additional information.

NOTE 3—From these data, a preliminary thermal conductivity calcula-

tion may be made using estimated distances between thermocouple

junctions in the test specimen.

8.4 At the conclusion of the test, remove the specimen and

cut it in two, close to the thermocouple junctions. Then grind

the specimen to expose the hot junctions, and measure the

distance between their center lines to the nearest 0.01 in.

(0.3 mm). If upon being cut in two the test specimen shows

FIG. 1 Arrangement of Refractory Fiber-Paper Strips in Calorim-

eter Assemblage

C182 − 19

abnormal internal voids or cracks, state this fact in the report,

as the results will not be representative of the material.

9. Record of Test Data, Calculations, and Report

9.1 The record of test data, the calculations, and the report

shall be made in accordance with the Record of Test Data,

Calculation, and Report sections of Test Method C201.

10. Precision and Bias

10.1 Refer to Test Method C201 for a statement of precision

and bias.

11. Keywords

11.1 calorimeter; insulating ﬁrebrick; refractories; thermal

conductivity

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned

in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk

of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ﬁve years and

if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards

and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the

responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should

make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,

United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above

address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website

(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222

Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

TABLE 1 Heating Chamber Temperature

Group

Number

Bulk Density Not

Greater Than Recommended Temperatures for Control Points, °F (°C)

lb/ft

g/cm

Low Medium High

16 34 0.54 900 (480) . . . 1600 (870)

20 40 0.64 900 (480) 1400 (760) 2000 (1095)

24 48 0.77 900 (480) 1500 (815) 2300 (1260)

26 54 0.86 900 (480) 1650 (900) 2600 (1425)

28 60 0.96 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)

30 68 1.09 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)

32 95 1.52 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)

33 95 1.52 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)

C182 − 19

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摘要：

ASTM C182 - 19 是 ASTM 国际标准组织发布的关于耐火材料热导率的标准测试方法，全称为“Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories by the Hot-Wire Method”。该标准主要适用于测定耐火砖、耐火浇注料及其他高温工业用耐火材料在高温条件下的热导率，测试温度范围可覆盖从室温至约 1500°C，采用热丝法原理进行精确测量。ASTM C182-19 版本对测试装置、样品制备、校准步骤及数据处

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