ASTM C201 - 93 (2019)e1

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Designation: C201 −93 (Reapproved 2019)
´1
Standard Test Method for
Thermal Conductivity of Refractories
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε
1
NOTE—The conductivity factor in parentheses in 1.1 was corrected editorially from 2818 W/m·K to 28.8 W/m·K in
October 2022.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the com-
parative thermal conductivity of refractories under standard-
ized conditions of testing. This test method is designed for
refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200
Btu·in./h·ft
2
·°F (28.8 W/m·K), for a thickness of 1 in. (25 mm).
1.2 Detailed ASTM test methods to be used in conjunction
with this procedure in testing speciﬁc types of refractory
materials are as follows: Test Method C182, Test Method
C202, Test Method C417, and Test Method C767.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,
and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating
Firebrick
C155 Classiﬁcation of Insulating Firebrick
C182 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Insulating
Firebrick
C202 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractory
Brick
C417 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Unﬁred
Monolithic Refractories
C767 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Carbon
Refractories
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
Comparison Techniques
3. Signiﬁcance and Use
3.1 The thermal conductivity of refractories is a property
required for selecting their thermal transmission characteris-
tics. Users select refractories to provide speciﬁed conditions of
heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the
temperature limitation of the refractory. This test method
establishes the testing for thermal conductivity of refractories
using the calorimeter.
3.2 This procedure requires a large thermal gradient and
steady-state conditions. The results are based upon a mean
temperature.
3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for speciﬁ-
cation acceptance and design of multi-layer refractory con-
struction.
3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual
application environment and conditions.
4. Apparatus
4.1 The apparatus shall conform in close detail with that
shown in the approved drawings.
3
The equipment is shown in
Figs. 1 and 2, and the essential parts are as follows:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on Thermal
Properties.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2019. Published January 2019. Originally
approved in 1945. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C201 – 93 (2013).
DOI: 10.1520/C0201-93R19E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
The complete set of approved drawings necessary for the construction of the
apparatus and suggested operating instructions, each of which requires too much
space to be included with this test method, was originally drafted by the Insulating
Products Division of Babcock and Wilcox Co. ASTM has been advised that these
drawings are no longer available. Subcommittee C08.02 is currently taking this
issue under advisement.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

4.1.1 Heating Chamber—A heating chamber, shown in Fig.

3, shall be capable of being heated electrically over a tempera-

ture range from 400 to 2800 °F (205 to 1540 °C) in a neutral or

oxidizing atmosphere. The temperature of the heating unit shall

be controlled by a mechanism capable of maintaining the

temperature in the chamber constant to within 65°F(63 °C).

A silicon carbide slab 13

⁄

by 9 by 1 in. (342 by 228 by

25 mm), with the 13

⁄

by 9-in. (342 by 228-mm) faces plane

and parallel, shall be placed above the sample for the purpose

of providing uniform heat distribution. A layer of insulation

equivalent at least to 1 in. (25 mm) of Group 20 insulating

ﬁrebrick (see Classiﬁcation C155) shall be placed below the

calorimeter and guard plates.

4.1.2 Calorimeter Assembly—A copper calorimeter

assembly, of the design shown in Fig. 4, shall be used for

measuring the quantity of heat ﬂowing through the test

specimen. The water circulation is such that adjacent passages

contain incoming and outgoing streams of water. The calorim-

eter shall be 3 by 3 in. (76 by 76 mm) square and shall have one

inlet and one outlet water connection. The inner guard sur-

rounding the calorimeter shall be 13

⁄

by 9 in. (342 by

228 mm) and shall have two inlet and two outlet water

connections. The outer guard shall extend 2 in. (51 mm)

laterally from the inner guard and shall extend vertically to the

member comprising the bottom of the heating chamber (see

Fig. 3). The separation between the calorimeter and the inner

guard shall be

⁄

in. (0.8 mm).

4.1.3 Water Circulating System—A water circulating system

shall be provided for supplying the calorimeter assembly with

water at constant pressure and at a temperature that is not

changing at a rate greater than 1 °F (0.5 °C) ⁄h. The inlet water

pressure shall be at least the equivalent of 10 ft of hydrostatic

pressure (29.9 kPa). The inlet water temperature shall at all

times be within +5 °F (+3 °C) or −2 °F (−1 °C) of the room

temperature. Fig. 5 shows the arrangement that shall be used

for meeting these conditions. The regulating valves for con-

trolling the rate of water ﬂow through the calorimeter assembly

shall be capable of maintaining a constant rate of ﬂow within

61 % during the test period.

4.1.4 Instruments for Measuring Temperature of

Specimen—Calibrated

thermocouples shall be embedded in

the test specimen for measuring the temperature. The electro-

motive force (emf) for the temperature readings shall be taken

with a potentiometer having an instrument error of not more

than 60.05 mV, and the cold junctions of the thermocouples

shall be immersed in a mixture of ice and water.

4.1.5 Instrument for Measuring Temperature Rise in Calo-

rimeter Water—A multiple differential thermocouple shall be

used for measuring

within an accuracy of not less than 1 % of

the temperature rise of the water ﬂowing through the calorim-

eter. The thermocouple shall be immersed at least 3

⁄

in.

(89 mm) in the inlet and outlet connections, and the junctions

shall be not more than

⁄

in. (6 mm) distant from the bottom of

the calorimeter. A calibrated differential 10X copper-

constantan thermocouple shall be used, and the millivolt

readings shall be taken with a potentiometer having an instru-

ment error of not more than 60.01 mV in the range between 0

and2mV.

4.1.6 Instruments for Measuring Temperature Difference

Between Calorimeter and Inner Guard—Calibrated differential

10X copper-constantan thermocouples shall be located in the

calorimeter and inner guard for measuring

the temperature

differences between the calorimeter and inner guard. The

temperature difference during a test shall be maintained at a

value less than 60.05 °F (60.03 °C). The thermocouple junc-

tions shall be placed in the four wells provided for that

purpose, and millivolt readings shall be taken with a potenti-

ometer having an instrument error of not more than 60.01 mV

in the range between 0 and 2 mV.

5. Test Sample and Its Preparation

5.1 Test Sample—The test sample shall consist of three 9-in.

(228-mm) straight brick and six 9 by 2

⁄

by 2

⁄

-in. (228 by 64

by 57-mm) soap brick (Note 2) that are representative of the

material being tested. These brick shall be selected for unifor-

mity of structure and bulk density, and they shall be free of

broken corners or edges. One brick shall be used as the test

Test Method E220 speciﬁes calibration procedures for thermocouples.

The following procedures are recommended: Roeser, W. F., “Thermoelectric

Thermometry,” and Roeser, W. F., and Wensel, H. T., “Methods of Testing

Thermocouples and Thermocouple Materials,” Temperature, Its Measurement and

Control, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, NY, 1941, pp. 180 and 284,

respectively.

NOTE 1—The upper half of the heating chamber has been raised to

permit introduction of the test samples.

FIG. 1 Photograph of Thermal Conductivity Apparatus

C201 − 93 (2019)

´1

specimen, and one each of the other two brick shall be used as

guard brick on either side of the specimen. The six soap brick

shall be placed around the edges of the test specimen and guard

brick to prevent side ﬂow of heat. The test specimen and guard

brick shall cover an area of approximately 18 by 13

⁄

in. (456

by 342 mm).

NOTE 1—A total of nine 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick may be

submitted for test, six of which would be cut to obtain the soap brick.

5.2 Preparation of Test Sample—The9by4

⁄

-in. (228 by

114-mm) faces of the three straight brick and the 9 by 2

⁄

-in.

(228 by 57-mm) faces of the soap brick shall be ground ﬂat and

parallel, and the thickness shall not vary more than 60.01 in.

(60.3 mm). The thickness shall be not more than 3 (76 mm)

nor less than 2 in. (51 mm). The sides that are to be placed in

contact shall be ground ﬂat and at right angles to the 9 by

⁄

-in. face of the brick and the 9 by 2

⁄

-in. face of the soap

brick.

NOTE 2—Additional instructions are given in the methods of test for

speciﬁc materials (see Section 7) concerning the preparation of the

specimen, placing of guard brick, and the like.

A—Constant-head water supply J—Microregulating valves

B—Inlet manifold and thermometer L—Water level valve

C—Circulating pump M—Magnetic control valve

D—To drain N—Outlet manifold

E—Cooling coil O—Overﬂow pipe

F—Water ﬁlter T—Thermostat (controls M)

G—Center calorimeter V—Valves

H—Inner guard calorimeter W—Water inlet

I—Outer guard calorimeter

FIG. 2 Diagram Showing Essential Parts of Thermal Conductivity Apparatus

C201 − 93 (2019)

´1

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摘要：

ASTM C201 - 93 (2019)e1 是 ASTM 国际标准组织发布的一项标准测试方法，适用于测定耐火材料在高温下的热导率，采用直连热流法（亦称直接热传导法）。该标准最初于1993年批准，最新版本于2019年重新批准并包含编辑性修订（以“e1”标识）。其适用范围包括耐火砖、耐火浇注料、陶瓷纤维制品等各类耐火材料，测试温度范围通常为 200°C 至 1500°C。该测试方法通过测量穿过样品的稳定热流与温度梯度，计算得出材料的热导率数值，对于工业窑炉设计、热工计算以及耐火材料性能评价具有重

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