ASTM C411 - 19

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Designation: C411 −19

Standard Test Method for

Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal

Insulation

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the perfor-

mance of commercial sizes of both block and pipe forms of

thermal insulating materials when exposed to simulated hot-

surface application conditions. The term “hot-surface perfor-

mance” has reference to a simulated use-temperature test in

which the heated testing surface is in a horizontal position.

1.2 This test method refers primarily to high-temperature

insulations that are applicable to hot-side temperatures in

excess of 150°F (66°C). It is used for materials such as

preformed insulations, insulating cements, blankets, and the

like, by proper laboratory preparation of the samples.

1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded

as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical

conversions to SI units that are provided for information only

and are not considered standard.

1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-

mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-

dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-

ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:

C167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket or

Batt Thermal Insulations

C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation

C356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-

Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soaking

Heat

3. Terminology

3.1 Deﬁnitions—Terminology C168 shall apply to the terms

used in this test method.

3.2 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:

3.2.1 sag, n—the extent of thickness loss of pipe insulation,

at the top longitudinal center, due to material fatigue or

decomposition due to elevated temperature.

4. Signiﬁcance and Use

4.1 Performance in service is the ﬁnal measure of value for

a thermal insulation, but simulative service tests give useful

indications. One type involves application for a speciﬁed time

to a surface heated at a temperature approximately that of

intended service, and noting during the test and afterward,

changes in the material and its properties. Measurement of

these changes are used for predicting what occurs in service as

a result of exposure to temperatures corresponding to those of

the tests.

5. Apparatus

5.1 Heating Plate—The heating plate shall consist of a

corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant plate with a preferred

exposed test area of 36 by 18 in. (914 by 457 mm), but having

a minimum test area of 18 by 18 in. (457 by 457 mm). The

heated area shall have an insulated, heated guard area having a

minimum width of 3 in. (76 mm) around the entire periphery of

the test area. The plate shall be supported in a horizontal plane

at a sufficient number of points to prevent sagging. It shall be

heated on the under side by gas or electricity. The surface

temperature of the plate shall be measured by not less than ﬁve

thermocouples. Four of the thermocouples shall be located

along the diagonals that extend from the corners of the exposed

area of the plate and at a distance of 6 in. (152 mm) in from

each corner. A ﬁfth thermocouple shall be located near the

This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal

Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.31 on Chemical and

Physical Properties.

Current edition approved March 1, 2019. Published March 2019. Originally

approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C411 – 17. DOI:

10.1520/C0411-19.

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

center of the test plate area. The temperature at no point of

measurement shall vary more than 65%or625°F (614°C),

whichever is less, from the desired temperature. A heating

chamber beneath the heating plate shall be formed to retain the

heat generated by the heating means. A 6-in. thickness of

insulation shall form the bottom and the sides, and the heating

plate shall form the top of the chamber. Two suitable types of

heating plates are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.

5.2 Heating Pipe—The heating pipe shall consist of a

corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant pipe having a length of

not less than 3 ft (0.9 m) and preferably 6 ft 6 in. (1.98 m). It

shall be supported horizontally. The nominal diameter of the

pipe shall preferably be 3 in. (76 mm). The pipe shall be heated

electrically with a spiral heating coil placed along the inside of

the pipe. Supplementary end heaters, and a guard section at

least 3 in. long of the same insulation as that being placed on

the test section, shall also be provided to guard against

excessive losses from the ends of the test specimen. (Where

possible, the use of standard thermal conductivity pipe test

apparatus to serve as the heating pipe is recommended.) The

surface temperature of the pipe shall be measured by means of

thermocouples, not less than one for each 1 ft (0.3 m) of length

of the test specimen, and located spirally around the pipe at 90°

intervals. The test portion of the pipe shall be that area under

a full length of a pipe insulation undergoing test. The tempera-

ture at any point of measurement on the test portion shall not

vary more than 65%or625°F (614°C), whichever is less,

from the desired temperature.

5.3 Temperature Measurement—Thermocouples shall be

used to measure the surface temperature of the heating plate

and the heating pipe. They shall be applied either by peening

the individual wires into small holes drilled into the surface and

separated by not more than

⁄

in. (3 mm) or by joining the

wires with a welded bead and cementing them in grooves with

the bead tangent to the surface but not projecting above it. The

thermocouples shall be made from wires having a size not

greater than No. 22 Awg (0.644 mm), and preferably not larger

than No. 26 Awg (0.405 mm). The combination of the

thermocouple and measuring instrument used shall ensure an

accuracy of temperature measurement of 61%.

NOTE 1—This requires different thermocouples and measuring instru-

ments for high-temperature tests than for moderate-temperature tests.

5.4 Straightedge and Rule—A straightedge having a length

of at least 36 in. (0.9 m) and a small rule divided in

⁄

of 1 in. shall be used to determine warpage.

6. Sampling and Preparation of Test Specimens

6.1 All samples that are required to complete the tests shall

be selected at one time and in such a manner so as to be fully

representative of the average of the material. Test specimens

for any one test condition shall be selected from the original

in.

⁄

102

⁄

119

127

330

⁄

394

432

457

737

762

787

1092

1143

FIG. 1 Type A Heating Plate for Hot-Surface Performance Test

C411 − 19

sample lot so as to be as representative as possible. The test

specimens shall be commercial pieces. For pipe insulation, the

full-size, commercial pipe sections shall be selected. Any

diameter pipe insulation for which equipment is available is

potentially tested. However, only pipe insulation of 3-in.

(76-mm) nominal inside diameter need to be tested.

7. Procedure

7.1 Use the heating plate for testing the ﬂat or block form of

insulation. Use the heating pipe for pipe insulation. The

thickness of the layers in multilayer insulation and the total

thickness of insulation applied to the hot surface for a test shall

be that recommended by the manufacturer for the temperature

of the hot surface in question, or as agreed between the

manufacturer and the purchaser. When multi-layer applications

are to be tested, stagger each joint between adjacent test pieces

in the same layer with respect to the joint in the next layer.

Equally dispose about that joint the test piece in the next layer

that covers a joint of the preceding layer.

7.2 Assembly of Specimen on Heating Plate—Specimens for

testing on a heating plate shall be 6 by 18 in. (152 by 457 mm)

with the thickness as described in 7.1. Check each block for

ﬂatness and measure and record any initial warpage. Cover the

test area of the heating plate with the test blocks. If any blocks

have initial warpage, place the concave face toward the hot

side. Apply additional layers to the ﬁrst layers when necessary

to give the total required thickness.

7.3 Assembly of Specimen on Heating Pipe—Apply a full

length of pipe insulation to the test pipe. If the test pipe is

longer than the specimen, the latter can advantageously be

centered on the pipe and the ends covered with sawed lengths

of the insulation being tested so as to help guard the full length

specimen from end losses. The thickness of the test specimen

shall be as required in 7.1. Apply additional layers of insulation

as necessary to give the required total thickness. Apply the

various layers of insulation and secure tightly around the pipe

by the usual recommended practice.

⁄

in. = 4.8 mm

1 ft = 305 mm

24 in. = 610 mm

42 in. = 1067 mm

NOTE 1—Thermocouple leads to temperature controller.

FIG. 2 Type B Heating Plate for Hot-Surface Performance Test

C411 − 19

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摘要：

ASTM C411 - 19 是用于评估在高温表面条件下绝热材料性能的标准试验方法，主要测试材料在模拟实际使用温度环境下的热稳定性、变形、开裂及脱落等行为。该标准适用于工业设备、管道及锅炉系统中的绝热层，帮助工程人员判断材料能否在持续高温作用下保持结构完整性与隔热效果。通过本标准的测试，用户可以筛选出适用于高温工况的可靠绝热产品，降低因材料失效引发的安全风险与能源损耗，尤其对石油化工、电力及冶金等领域的工程设计与质量控制具有重要参考价值。

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ASTM C411 - 19

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