ASTM C417 - 21

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Designation: C417 −21

Standard Test Method for

Thermal Conductivity of Unﬁred Monolithic Refractories

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope

1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and

shall be used in conjunction with that test method for deter-

mining the thermal conductivity of unﬁred monolithic refrac-

tories.

1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded

as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical

conversions to SI units that are provided for information only

and are not considered standard.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-

mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-

dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-

ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:

C182 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Insulating

Firebrick

C201 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories

C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens

by Casting

C1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic

and Ramming Mix Specimens

E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By

Comparison Techniques

3. Signiﬁcance and Use

3.1 The thermal conductivity of monolithic refractories is a

property required for selecting their thermal transmission

characteristics. Users select monolithic refractories to provide

speciﬁed conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature,

without exceeding the temperature limitation of the monolithic

refractory. This test method establishes placement of thermo-

couples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.

3.2 This procedure must be used with Test Method C201

and requires a large thermal gradient and steady-state condi-

tions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.

3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for speciﬁ-

cation acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface

temperature, and the design of multi-layer refractory construc-

tion.

3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual

application environment and conditions.

4. Apparatus

4.1 The apparatus shall consist of that described in Test

Method C201, modiﬁed as in 4.2 of this test method, with the

addition of thermocouples and refractory ﬁber paper, as de-

scribed in Sections 6and 7.

4.2 The furnace shall be modiﬁed by drilling a nominal

⁄

-in. (10-mm) diameter hole (Fig. 1) through the insulating

ﬁrebrick in the furnace wall at each end of the center line of the

18-in. (456-mm) dimension of the furnace cavity. These holes

shall be positioned so that the length of the hole will be parallel

to the calorimeter surface and the bottom of the hole will

coincide with the surface of the calorimeter. Copper tubing

shall be placed within each hole so that a compressed air source

can be attached to one side and ﬂexible leads to a ﬂowmeter

can be attached to the other.

4.3 A compressed air supply and ﬂowmeter for air.

5. Test Specimens

5.1 Castable Refractories—The test specimens may consist

of either a panel 18 by 13

⁄

by 2

⁄

in. (456 by 342 by 64 mm),

or an assembly of three straights 9 by 4

⁄

by 2

⁄

in. (228 by

114 by 64 mm) and six soaps 9 by 2

⁄

by 2

⁄

in. (228 by 57

by 64 mm). These specimens shall be prepared as in one of the

This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on

Refractoriesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on Thermal

Properties.

Current edition approved April 1, 2021. Published April 2021. Originally

approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C417 – 05 (2015).

DOI: 10.1520/C0417-21.

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

following methods and in general accordance with the manu-

facturer’s recommendation for water content and Practice

C862.

5.1.1 Panel Specimens—This test specimen shall be a

monolithic panel 18 by 13

⁄

by 2

⁄

in. (456 by 342 by 64 mm)

in size, and shall be prepared in general accordance with

Practice C862, as outlined in 5.1. The panel shall be cast in a

steel mold with two steel rods (Note 1) taped in place at the

center line of the 18-in. (456-mm) length of the mold cavity.

These steel rods form the slot required so that the panel will ﬁt

over the tubing used for the entrance and exhaust of air and

moisture from the furnace (see Fig. 1).

NOTE 1—Two

⁄

-in. (13-mm) diameter steel rods 2 in. (51 mm) long

should have approximately

⁄

in. (0.8 mm) removed longitudinally to

provide a ﬂat base.

5.1.2 Straight Specimens—This test specimen shall be three

9by4

⁄

by 2

⁄

-in. (228 by 114 by 64-mm) straight brick and

six9by2

⁄

by 2

⁄

-in. (228 by 57 by 64-mm) soap brick and

shall be prepared in accordance with Practice C862, as outlined

in 5.1 and 5.1.1, and by cutting as required. The 9 by 4

⁄

-in.

(228 by 114-mm) face of the three straight brick and the 9 by

⁄

-in. face of the soap brick shall be ﬂat and parallel, and the

thickness shall not vary more than 60.01 in. (60.3 mm). No

grinding of the ﬁnish face is required if care is taken when

removing the excess mix with the strikeoff bar and slicking the

exposed surface with a minimum amount of troweling. Steel

rods (described in Note 1) shall be used in two cavities to

provide the required slots for air entry and exit.

5.2 Plastic Refractories—The test specimens shall be of the

size and number described in 4.1 of Test Method C201, and

shall be prepared in accordance with Practice C1054 and 3.2 of

Test Method C201. The soap specimens shall be prepared by

cutting dry 9-in. (228-mm) straight specimens with a suitable

abrasive cut-off saw. The soap brick adjacent to the 9-in.

(228-mm) face of the guard brick shall be slotted with a

suitable abrasive cut-off saw at the center line of the 9-in.

(228-mm) length to ﬁt over the tubing used for the entrance,

and exhaust of the air and moisture.

5.3 Specimen Curing and Drying—After the speciﬁed

curing, the specimens shall be placed in a dryer at 250 °F

(120 °C) for a minimum of 24 h, or until constant mass has

been achieved.

6. Installation of Thermocouples in Test Specimen

6.1 Thermocouples—Calibrated thermocouples

shall be

embedded in the test specimen at two points for measuring the

temperature. Use platinum-10 % rhodium ⁄platinum, Awg

Gauge 28 (0.320-mm) wire in making the thermocouples.

6.2 Installation of Thermocouples:

6.2.1 For castable specimens prepared in accordance with

5.1.1, use the following thermocouple installation procedure.

The hot junction of the thermocouples shall be placed in the

center of each 18 by 13

⁄

-in. (456 by 342-mm) face and just

below the surface of the test specimen. Grooves to receive the

wire shall be cut in each 18 by 13

⁄

-in. (456 by 342-mm) face

to a depth of

⁄

in. (0.8 mm) by means of an abrasive wheel

0.02 in. (0.5 mm) in thickness. The layout for the grooves

allows all of the cold-junction ends of the wires to extend from

one end of the specimen. Cut a groove in the center of each 18

by 13

⁄

-in. (456 by 342-mm) face along the 18-in. (456-mm)

dimension and ending 1

⁄

in. (38 mm) from the center point of

the specimen. Extend the path of each groove at an angle of 90°

to one end of the specimen by cutting grooves parallel to the

⁄

-in. (342-mm) edges and 1

⁄

in. (3.8 mm) from the center

point of the specimen. Before cementing the thermocouple

wires in place, measurements shall be taken to obtain within

0.01 in. (0.3 mm) the eventual distance between the center

lines of the thermocouple junctions. This shall be done by

measuring the 2

⁄

-in. (64-mm) dimension of the specimens at

the location for the hot junctions and deducting the distance

between the center line of each junction in its embedded

position and the surface of the specimen.

6.2.2 For castable specimens prepared in accordance with

5.1.2 and plastic refractory specimens prepared in accordance

with 5.2, use the following thermocouple installation proce-

dure. The hot junction of the thermocouples shall be placed in

Test Method E220 speciﬁes thermocouple calibration procedures for thermo-

couples.

A—Inlet air

B—Exhaust air

C—Transite board

D—Group 16 IFB

E—Group 28 IFB

F—Group 28 grindings

G—Calorimeter assembly

H—Copper tubing, nominal

⁄

-in. (10-mm) diameter

I—Center calorimeter

FIG. 1 Furnace Modiﬁcation

C417 − 21

the center of each 9 by 4

⁄

-in. (228 by 114-mm) face, and just

below the surface of the test specimen. Grooves to receive the

wire shall be cut in each 9 by 4

⁄

-in. (228 by 114-mm) face of

the brick to a depth of

⁄

in. (0.8 mm) by means of an abrasive

wheel 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) in thickness. The layout for the

grooves allows all of the cold-junction ends of the wires to

extend from one end of the brick. Cut a groove in the center of

each9by4

⁄

-in. (228 by 114-mm) face along the 4

⁄

-in.

(114-mm) dimension, and ending 1 in. (25 mm) from the edge

of the specimen. Before cementing the thermocouple wires in

place, measurements shall be taken to obtain within 60.01 in.

(60.3 mm) the eventual distance between the center lines of

the thermocouple junctions. This shall be done by measuring

the 2

⁄

-in. (64-mm) dimension of the brick at the location for

the hot junctions and deducting the distance between the center

line of each junction in its embedded position and the surface

of the brick.

7. Setup of Specimen and Silicon Carbide Slab

7.1 Specimen Setup:

7.1.1 For castable specimens prepared in accordance with

5.1.1, use the following setup procedure. Two strips of refrac-

tory ﬁber paper 18 by

⁄

by 0.02 in. (456 by 13 by 0.5 mm)

shall be placed along the 18-in. dimension on the outer guard.

These strips, used to prevent contact between the test material

and the calorimeter assembly, also provide a passage for the

ﬂow of air. Push in a copper tube installed at each end of the

furnace and position where their open ends are ﬂush with the

inside edge of the outer guard assembly. Pack the openings in

the furnace walls where the tubes enter with ceramic ﬁber.

Place the test specimen centrally over the center of the

calorimeter and outer guard assembly on its 18 by 13

⁄

-in.

(456 by 342-mm) face. Fill the small space between the

furnace walls and the test specimen with granular insulating

ﬁrebrick or ceramic ﬁber (Fig. 2).

7.1.2 For castable specimens prepared in accordance with

5.1.2 and plastic refractory samples prepared in accordance

with 5.2, use the following setup procedure. Two strips of

refractory ﬁber paper 13

⁄

by 0.02 in. (342 by 13 by

A—Inlet air

B—Exhaust air

C—Transite board

D—Group 16 IFB

E—Group 28 IFB

F—Group 28 grindings

G—Calorimeter assembly

H—Copper tubing, nominal

⁄

-in. (10-mm) diameter

I—Monolithic panel, 18 by 13

⁄

by 2

⁄

in. (456 by 342 by 64 mm)

J—Refractory ﬁber paper

K—Silicon carbide plate, 13

⁄

by9by

⁄

in. (346 by 228 by 19 mm)

L—Center calorimeter

FIG. 2 Monolithic Panel Specimen

C417 − 21

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摘要：

ASTM C417 - 21是一项由美国材料与试验协会制定的标准测试方法，专门用于测量耐火材料在高温条件下的热导率。该标准适用于各种成型和不定形耐火材料，通过稳态热流技术确保测试结果的准确性和重复性。本文件详细规定了样品制备、测试装置、温度梯度控制以及计算步骤，帮助工程技术人员评估耐火材料在炉窑、熔炼设备等高温工业环境中的隔热性能。遵循ASTM C417 - 21标准，可有效优化材料选择与热工设计，提升设备能效并降低能耗。该标准是耐火材料研发、质量控制及工程验收的重要依据，广泛应用于冶金、陶瓷、

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