ASTM C450 - 18

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Designation: C450 −18
Standard Practice for
Fabrication of Thermal Insulating Fitting Covers for NPS
Piping, and Vessel Lagging
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C450; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice provides tables of dimensions of pre-
formed pipe insulation that shall be used in fabricating insula-
tion covers for use on valves, ells, tees, ﬂanges, and vessels in
the pressure range from 150 to 1500 psi (1 to 10 MPa). These
tables, which are part of this standard, are published separately
as the ASTM Recommended Dimensional Standards for Fab-
rication of Thermal Insulation Fitting Covers for NPS Piping
and Vessel Lagging. In addition, the ADJC0450A tables for
Short Radius (SR) and Long Radius (LR) Elbows Insulation
Fitting Covers for piping are included in this practice. The
tables were developed to provide dimensions for shop fabrica-
tion use in forming pipe insulation ﬁtting covers on NPS pipe
operating at high temperature and low temperature. The tables
also include dimensions for use in forming thermal insulation
into curved segments, and lagging, for application on vessels.
This practice does not apply to reﬂective-type insulation,
insulation on screwed elbows, Short Radius (SR) and Long
Radius (LR) Elbows Fitting Covers for tubing, dutchman
(extended leg) insulation ﬁtting covers, double-layered
staggered-joint pipe insulation ﬁtting covers, ﬂexible pre-
formed pipe-tube elastomeric foam ﬁtting covers in accordance
with Speciﬁcation C534/C534M or polyoleﬁn foam ﬁtting
covers in accordance with Speciﬁcation C1427.
1.1.1 Refer to Guide C1710 when referring to insulation
materials for fabrication of preformed ﬂexible closed cell
insulated 90° elbows, tees, or similar products.
1.2 This practice does not specify fabrication methods.
Thermal insulation for ﬁtting covers is formed by numerous
fabrication methods. In general, insulations are cut by circular
or band saws, shaped by grinders or millers, or molded/
preformed. Each method has certain advantages and
disadvantages, depending upon the material to be formed,
number of cuts required, material waste permissible, and
quantity of ﬁttings being produced. Fitting parts are assembled
using adhesives and fabrication cements applied using dip pots,
rollers, doctor blades, brush, or trowel, depending upon the
materials being used. Any speciﬁcation of the fabrication
techniques is beyond the scope of this standard.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. In a few parts of this practice, the values given in
parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
The dimensional standard tables with fractional inch-pound
(I.P.) system provided from the adjunct and in this document’s
tables are currently not available in decimal and metric
equivalents.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C534/C534M Speciﬁcation for Preformed Flexible Elasto-
meric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular
Form
C585 Practice for Inner and Outer Diameters of Thermal
Insulation for Nominal Sizes of Pipe and Tubing
C1427 Speciﬁcation for Extruded Preformed Flexible Cel-
lular Polyoleﬁn Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular
Form
C1710 Guide for Installation of Flexible Closed Cell Pre-
formed Insulation in Tube and Sheet Form
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.20 on Homogeneous
Inorganic Thermal Insulations.
Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originally
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C450 – 17. DOI:
10.1520/C0450-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
 

2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
3
Fabrication of Thermal Insulating Covers for NPS Piping
and Vessel Lagging on CD-ROM
2.2.1 Adjunct Table of Contents:
2.2.1.1 Forward and Introduction:
(1) Practice C585 Base Dimensions for NPS Inner Diam-
eters with plus and minus tolerance
(2) Practice C585 Base Dimensions for NPS Outer Diam-
eters with no tolerances
2.2.1.2 Insulation Covers for NPS Pipe Fittings—Short and
Long Radius Welded Elbows
2.2.1.3 Coverings for Vessels: Sidewall – Cylindrical Flat
Lagging—Single-Edge Cut and Double-Edge Cut
2.2.1.4 Flanged – High & Low Temperature Service:
(1) 150-lb, 300-lb, 400-lb, 600-lb, 900-lb, and 1500-lb Line
Flanges
(2) 150-lb, 300-lb, 400-lb, 600-lb, 900-lb, and 1500-lb
Flanged Globe Valves
(3) 1 to 5 in. NPS and 6 to 24 in. NPS 125 and 150 lb
Flanged Gate Valves
(4) 1 to 3 in. NPS, 3
1
⁄
2
to 5 in. NPS and 12 to 24 in. NPS
150-lb Flanged 90° Ells
(5) 300-lb, 400-lb, 600-lb, 900-lb, and 1500-lb Flanged
Gate Valves
(6) 1 to 5 in. NPS and 6 to 24 in. NPS 150-lb Flanged 45°
Ells
(7) 1 to 5 in. NPS and 6 to 24 in. NPS 150-lb Flanged 45°
Tees
3. Terminology
3.1 Deﬁnitions—For deﬁnitions used in this practice see
Terminology C168.
3.2 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:
3.2.1 base dimension, n—a measurement of, for example, a
pipe insulation’s inside diameter (ID), outside diameter (OD),
and miter dimensions, all without any I.D. and O.D. tolerances.
3.2.2 dutchman, n—an extended pipe insulation ﬁtting leg
attached to, for example, the ends of an insulated 90° elbow
ﬁtting cover.
3.2.3 pipe ﬁtting, n—a ﬁtting is used in pipe systems to
connect straight pipe or tubing sections with, for example, 90°
elbows.
4. Signiﬁcance and Use
4.1 This system of dimensions provides a guide for forming
thermal insulation in advance of ﬁeld application. Forming is
done by cutting, grinding, milling, or molding, depending upon
the method most suitable for the thermal insulation being
fabricated. It is equally applicable for all service temperature
ranges.
5. Basis of Design
5.1 All dimensions presented are based on the use of pipe
insulation manufactured to Practice C585 with no pipe insula-
tion outside diameter (OD) tolerances and to the Basic Dimen-
sional Standards for Pipe Insulation as given in ADJC0450A
Table 1, Pipe Insulation Inside Diameters, and Table 2, Pipe
Insulation Outside Diameters, with no tolerances of the Fabri-
cation of Thermal Insulating Fitting Covers for NPS Piping and
Vessel Lagging.
3
5.1.1 The mitering elbow dimensions shown in this Practice
including in the tables and the ADJC0450A are applicable only
to mitered insulated ﬁtting covers. However, there are some
smaller diameter two-piece (spun produced) insulated ﬁttings
that their outer diameter targets match those shown for mitered
insulation ﬁtting covers in the aforementioned tables.
5.1.2 The Long Radius Insulated Welded Elbows Tables and
the Short Radius Insulated Welded Elbows Tables from
ADJC0450A have been carried over to this practice, Sections
9and 10, respectively.
5.2 There are two tables that provide dimensions for welded
elbow insulation ﬁtting covers in this practice and ADJC0450A
for installation on nominal pipe size (NPS) pipe operating at
high and low temperatures.
NOTE 1—Should the base dimension pipe insulation O.D. have a
dimensional tolerance other than “zero” inches, more than likely the
mitered insulated ﬁtting cover will not ﬁt the exact curvature of the pipe
ﬁtting. The table dimensions will have to be adjusted for a proper ﬁt on the
pipe ﬁtting with O.D. tolerances.
5.3 Dimensions presented for cutting beveled blocks from
preformed thermal insulation (lags) are based on blocks 6 in.
(152 mm) wide by the thickness required.
5.4 Dimensions given for ﬂanged pairs, ﬂanged ﬁttings, and
ﬂanged valves do not allow for ﬂange bolt removal. When bolt
removal is required, the pipe insulation next to the ﬂange is
shortened to provide the space necessary to remove the bolts
and the pipe insulation length over the ﬂange shall be increased
commensurately to prevent gaps in the insulation coverage.
The details of this shall be speciﬁed by the purchaser.
5.5 Pipe and ﬁttings with heat tracer tubing or conduit, refer
to the tables and increase the insulation I.D. (Practice C585 or
the Adjunct Tables 1 and 2) one size larger. Where multiple
tracers are required, the insulation I.D. must be adjusted
accordingly. To stabilize the insulation on the pipe and ﬁttings,
it is potentially necessary to install spacer strips. Fabricate the
spacer strips from the same material as the pipe insulation or a
rigid insulation capable of the same service. Locate the spacer
strips so as not to impede heat transfer. See Section 2.2.2.1:
Adjunct’s Figure 1.
6. Fabrication
6.1 Use any method of forming if the resulting ﬁtting
conforms to inside and outside the dimensions listed.
6.2 The main body of the insulation ﬁtting shall be cut from
standard pipe size pipe insulation of the proper size and
thickness.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct Stock No.
ADJC0450A. Original adjunct produced in 1976. The 2002 edition of the Adjunct’s
Short Radius Ells Tables and Long Radius Ells Tables for Welded Elbows Fitting
Covers were updated.
C450 − 18
2
 

6.3 Double layering insulated ﬁtting covers is not always

possible unless the fabrication of the elbow is assembled with

the inner and outer layers being nested prior to cutting the

individual miters.

NOTE 2—Staggered joint double layered mitered insulation ﬁtting

covers are not possible using the insulated Long Radius Insulated Welded

Elbows Tables and the Short Radius Welded Elbows Tables from

ADJC0450A or Sections 9and 10, respectively.

6.4 Where two insulations of different temperature ratings

are required, each insulation type shall be assembled in its

proper location in the ﬁtting using double layer construction.

6.4.1 The temperature at the interface between insulation

layers is not to exceed the maximum temperature limit of the

outer layer of insulation.

6.5 Flat block, cut to proper curvature, may be used in place

of preformed pipe insulation. The user shall be informed when

a change, for example, supplying a fabricated product instead

of a molded or preformed pipe insulation, that has the potential

to cause differences in the thermal or mechanical performance

characteristics of the end product.

6.6 Where the body of the ﬂange cover extends over

adjacent pipe insulation, the portion of the cover shall be

fabricated using the pipe insulation as the body and adding an

insert collar. Another method, which has been used, is by

adding an insert or section, commonly called a “dutchman,”

made of block.

6.7 Valves manufactured by various companies for the same

pressure and nominal pipe size will not necessarily have the

same bonnet dimensions, or height of bonnet ﬂange above

centerline of valve. Because of this, the valve insulation is

designed to ﬁt the largest valve of a size, type, and pressure. In

some instances, there is the potential that additional insulation

will be required to ﬁll or build up the insulation for proper

ﬁtting around the bonnet. In other instances, there is the

potential that it will be necessary to cut back insulation around

the bonnet to provide access to the packing gland. Perform the

cutout for hand wheel assembly and packing gland at time of

application.

7. Assembly and Tolerances

7.1 All formed pieces shall ﬁt tightly together so that both

sides and length of the insulation joint can close within a

maximum of

⁄

in. (1.6 mm).

7.2 Low-temperature pipe insulation fabricated from block

or board stock shall contain no more than four cemented

“through” joints per full section of insulation, excluding the

half section mating plane.

7.3 Finished pieces shall be identiﬁed using tags, attached

strip, etc. for ease of ﬁeld installation.

7.4 The inner and outer surface of vessel insulation sections

shall be concentric with the outer surface. The deviation from

concentricity shall not exceed

⁄

in. (5 mm).

7.5 Material (glue, adhesives, etc.) used in the fabrication of

ﬁtting covers shall be those recommended by the manufacturer

for the speciﬁc application and exposure conditions.

8. Field Application Sequence

8.1 Apply insulation coverings for welded or screwed ﬁt-

tings before the pipe insulation.

8.2 Install the pipe insulation up to all ﬂanges, ﬂanged

ﬁttings, and ﬂanged valves. Provide sufficient space for future

bolt removal where required.

8.3 Install insulation covers for ﬂanges, ﬂanged ﬁttings, and

ﬂanged valves so as to extend, not less than speciﬁed thickness,

over adjacent pipe insulation or minimum 2 in. (50 mm).

8.4 Where required, the junction between the pipe insula-

tion and ﬂanged insulation ﬁttings covers can, by use of

non-setting cements, sealants, or other methods, also serve as

part of an expansion or contraction joint system.

9. Long Radius Welded Elbows – Recommended

Dimensional Standards

9.1 See Fig. 1.

10. Short Radius Welded Elbows – Recommended

Dimensional Standards

10.1 See Fig. 2.

11. Keywords

11.1 dimensions; thermal insulating materials; thermal in-

sulating materials—fabrication; thermal insulating materials—

ﬁttings; thermal insulating materials—pipe

C450 − 18

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摘要：

ASTM C450 - 18 是一项由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布的标准规范，主要涉及耐火材料与隔热材料中形状和尺寸的标准化测试方法。该标准详细规定了用于测量耐火制品热导率的试样制备、安装及测试流程，适用于多种工业窑炉和高温设备中的形状设计与性能评估。通过遵循ASTM C450 - 18，工程师和质量控制人员能够确保耐火材料在高温环境下的热传导性能得到准确一致的评价，从而优化能源效率、延长设备寿命并提高操作安全性。该标准对于冶金、陶瓷、玻璃、水泥及石化等行业具有重要参考价值，是材料选择、产

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