ASTM C688 - 22

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Designation: C688 −22
Standard Speciﬁcation for
Functional Additions for Use in Hydraulic Cements
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This speciﬁcation covers methods to investigate the
effectiveness of a material to beneﬁcially change the properties
of hydraulic cements when the material is incorporated during
manufacture of the cement.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.3 The effect of additions in cement may markedly change
properties other than those they are intended to modify. This
speciﬁcation is designed to test for such changes. Table 1 sets
forth values for those properties of cement pastes and mortars
that would permit a judgment of the changes effected by an
addition. Likewise, Table 2 sets forth similar criteria for
concrete. Certain additions may be found effective for more
than one purpose as indicated in 3.1.4 and 3.1.5.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C10/C10M Speciﬁcation for Natural Cement
C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-
drical Concrete Specimens
C78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using
Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50 mm] Cube
Specimens)
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement
Concrete
C150 Speciﬁcation for Portland Cement
C151 Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic
Cement
C157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened
Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
C187 Test Method for Amount of Water Required for Nor-
mal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement Paste
C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic and Other Inor-
ganic Cements
C226 Speciﬁcation for Air-Entraining Additions for Use in
the Manufacture of Air-Entraining Hydraulic Cement
C232 Test Method for Bleeding of Concrete
C234 Test Method for Comparing Concretes on the Basis of
the Bond Developed with Reinforcing Steel (Withdrawn
2000)
3
C266 Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic-Cement
Paste by Gillmore Needles
C403/C403M Test Method for Time of Setting of Concrete
Mixtures by Penetration Resistance
C451 Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement
(Paste Method)
C465 Speciﬁcation for Processing Additions for Use in the
Manufacture of Hydraulic Cements
C595 Speciﬁcation for Blended Hydraulic Cements
C596 Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Contain-
ing Hydraulic Cement
C666/C666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to
Rapid Freezing and Thawing
C845 Speciﬁcation for Expansive Hydraulic Cement
C1157 Performance Speciﬁcation for Hydraulic Cement
3. Terminology
3.1 Deﬁnitions:
3.1.1 accelerating addition—a functional addition that ac-
celerates the setting or early strength, or both, of concrete and
mortar.
3.1.2 retarding addition—a functional addition that retards
the setting of concrete and mortar.
1
This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on
Cement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.20 on Additions.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2022. Published January 2023. Originally
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C688 – 14. DOI:
10.1520/C0688-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

3.1.3 set-control addition—a functional addition composed
essentially of calcium sulfate in any hydration state from
CaSO
4
to CaSO
4
·2H
2
O.
3.1.4 water-reducing addition—a functional addition used
to reduce the quantity of mixing water required to produce
concrete and mortar of a given consistency.
3.1.5 water-reducing and accelerating addition—a func-
tional addition that reduces the quantity of mixing water
required to produce concrete of a given consistency and that
accelerates the setting or early strength development, or both,
of concrete and mortar.
3.1.6 water-reducing and retarding addition—a functional
addition that reduces the quantity of mixing water required to
produce concrete and mortar of a given consistency and
simultaneously retards the setting of concrete and mortar.
NOTE 1—This section is intended to provide a speciﬁcation that may be
applied to calcium sulfates as deﬁned in Terminology C219.
NOTE 2—It should be realized that some calcium sulfates, particularly
some byproduct calcium sulfates, have produced cements with undesired
set behavior after storage.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 The purchaser shall specify the type of functional
addition desired.
5. Materials
5.1 Cements—The cements used in the evaluation of the
addition shall be as described in Section 3.1, Cements, of
Speciﬁcation C465 with the following exceptions:
5.1.1 At least one of the Type I cements shall contain not
less than 9 percent tricalcium aluminate (C
3
A).
5.1.2 Disregard the last sentence of Section 3.1.6 of Speci-
ﬁcation C465 and substitute the following: “ Each control
cement shall comply with all the requirements in the speciﬁ-
cation (C10/C10M,C150,C595,C845, and C1157) applicable
to that type of cement. The method shall be adequate for the
qualitative and quantitative determination of the addition in the
ﬁnished cement, and shall be fully described in the report of the
tests on the addition.”
5.2 Aggregates—The aggregates used in the evaluation of
the addition shall be in accordance with the Aggregates portion
of the Materials section of Speciﬁcation C465, using propor-
tions speciﬁed in Concrete Mixtures section of that speciﬁca-
tion.
6. General Requirements
6.1 The cement, mortar, and concrete in which each of the
additions is used shall conform to the respective requirements
TABLE 1 Criteria for Evaluating Neat Cement and Mortar Containing Functional Cement Additions
Tests
Type of Addition
Water Reducing Retarding Accelerating Water-Reducing
and Retarding
Water-Reducing and
Accelerating Set-Control
Normal consistency, deviation from control,
percentage points
A
−1.0 min +1.0 max +1.0 max −1.0 min −1.0 mm ±1.0 max
Standard consistency (ﬂow) deviation from
control, percentage points
A
−4.0 min +2.0 max +2.0 max −4.0 min −4.0 min ±2.0 max
Setting time, (Gillmore) deviation from control,
h:min
Initial
At least ... 1:00 later
B
1:00 later
B
...
Not more than 1:00 earlier 3:30 later 1:30 earlier 3:30 later 1:30 earlier 1:00 earlier
nor nor nor nor
1:30 later 1:30 later 1:30 later 1:30 later
Setting time, Vicat Initial
C
At least ... 0:50 later
B
... ... ...
Not more than 0:50 earlier 2:50 later 1:15 earlier 0:50 later
B
1:15 earlier 0:50 earlier
nor nor nor nor
1:15 later 1:15 later 2:50 later 1:15 later 1:15 later
Final
Not more than 1:00 earlier 3:30 later 1:00 earlier 3:30 later 1:00 earlier 1:00 earlier
nor nor nor nor
1:30 later 1:30 later 1:30 later 1:30 later
Compressive strength, min, percent of control:
D
1 day in moist air 110 90 125
E
90 125
F
1 day in moist air, 2 days in water 110 90 125
E
100 125
1 day in moist air, 6 days in water 110 90 100 110 110
1 day in moist air, 27 days in water 110 95 95 110 110
Autoclave Expansion
max increase in % change in length compared
to control
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Drying Shrinkage of Mortar
max % change in length compared to control 0.020 0.020 0.030 0.020 0.020 0.020
A
The minus sign indicates that the percentage of water required shall be less than that of the control cement by at least the indicated percentage points.
B
Or 50 % later, whichever is the lesser.
C
Either Vicat or the Gillmore time of setting method shall be used at the choice of the manufacturer.
D
The compressive strength of mortar containing the test cement shall be not less than 95 % of that attained at any previous test age. The objective of this limit is to require
that the strength of mortar containing the addition under test shall not decrease with age.
E
In cases where the accelerated set time only is required, the strength can be reduced to 100 % of the control.
F
The grand average of the 1, 3, 7, and 28-day strengths shall be not less than 95 % of the grand average for the corresponding control cement.
C688 − 22
2

prescribed in Table 1 and Table 2, except that if the test cement

fails to meet the requirements of Table 1, but possesses all the

requirements listed in Table 2, then the requirements of Table

2shall govern approval of the addition.

6.2 The trade name, source, and character of the material

shall be speciﬁed and the means for the quantitative determi-

nation of the proposed addition in the ﬁnished cement, shall be

furnished by the manufacturer or seller of the addition, and the

results of such pertinent quantitative analysis shall form a part

of the record of tests of the addition.

6.3 At the request of the purchaser of an addition for a

speciﬁc functional purpose, the manufacturer shall state in

writing the content of any substance which is known to or

believed to impair other desirable properties of the cement or

concrete.

6.4 The additions shall be evaluated by comparing cements

containing the “test addition” to cements ground from similar

clinkers from the same source. Those cements without test

additions are referred to in this speciﬁcation as “control

cements.”

6.4.1 Special Provisions for Set-Control Additions Con-

forming to 3.1.3:

6.4.1.1 The additions shall be evaluated by comparing

cements containing the “test addition” to control cements

ground from similar clinkers from the same source and under

the same grinding conditions with the mill temperatures being

within 63 °C (5 °F) of the same value. The control cements

shall be produced with calcium sulfate at any hydration state

having a past record of satisfactory usage as an addition for

portland cement.

6.4.1.2 Each test cement shall contain sufficient test addition

CaSO

to produce a sulfur trioxide (SO

) content that differs by

no more than 0.24 percentage points from that of the control

cement. The SO

shall be expressed as a percentage of the mass

of the cement and reported to the nearest 0.01 %.

TABLE 2 Criteria for Evaluating Concrete Containing Functional Cement Additions

Tests

Type of Addition

Water Reducing Retarding Accelerating Water-Reducing

and Retarding

Water-Reducing

and Accelerating

Water content, max, percent of control 95 ... ... 95 95

Time of setting, (penetration) deviation from

control, h:min:

Initial

At least ... 1:00 later

1:00 later

Not more than 1:00 earlier 3:30 later 3:30 earlier 3:30 later 3:30 earlier

nor

Final 1:00 later

Not more than 1:00 earlier 3:30 later ... 3:30 later ...

nor

1:30 later

Compressive strength, min, percent of

control:

1 day

110 85 125

100 125

3 days 110 85 125

100 125

7 days 110 90 100 110 110

28 days 110 90 95 110 110

3 months 100 90 95 100 100

1 year 100 90 95 100 100

Flexural strength, min, percent of

control:

1 day

100 85 110 90 110

3 days 100 85 110 100 110

7 days 100 90 100 100 100

28 days 100 90 90 100 100

3 months 100 90 90 100 100

1 year 100 90 90 100 100

Bond strength, percent of control:

28 days 100 90 100 100 100

Volume change, expressed as change in

length, max, increase over control,

percentage points:

28 days 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.010 0.010

3 months 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.010 0.010

1 year 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.010 0.010

Durability factor, min, percent of control

80 80 80 80 80

The values in the table are intended to allow for normal variation in test results. For example, the object of the 90 % compressive strength requirement for a retarding

addition is to require a level of performance comparable to that of the reference concrete.

Or 50 % later, whichever is the lesser.

The compressive and ﬂexural strength of the concrete containing the addition under test at any test age shall be not less than 90 % of that attained at any previous test

age. The objective of this limit is to require that the compressive or ﬂexural strength of the concrete containing the addition under test shall not decrease with age.

One-day strengths applicable only to Type III cement. One-year strength tests shall be made; however, the addition may be approved after completion of the 3-month

strength results, at the discretion of the purchaser.

In cases where the accelerated set time only is required, the strength can be reduced to 100 % of the control.

This requirement is applicable only when the addition is to be used in air-entrained concrete.

C688 − 22

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摘要：

ASTM C688 - 22 是美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布的一项标准规范，专门适用于轻质集料混凝土中用于隔热功能的材料。该标准定义了轻质隔热混凝土的性能要求、试验方法以及施工指导，旨在确保混凝土在具备较低导热系数的同时，满足结构强度与耐久性的基本要求。ASTM C688 - 22 主要应用于屋顶保温层、地暖系统、工业设备基础隔热以及建筑节能改造等场景，为工程师、建筑师和承包商提供可靠的材料选择依据。该标准更新于2022年，整合了最新的轻质集料技术进展与环境适应性要求，有助于提升建筑物的能

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