ASTM C1859 - 23

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Designation: C1859 −23
Standard Practice for
Determination of Thermal Resistance of Pneumatically
Installed Loose-Fill Building Insulation (Behind Netting) for
Enclosed Applications of the Building Thermal Envelope
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C1859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice presents a laboratory guide to determine
the thermal resistance of pneumatically installed loose-ﬁll
building insulations for enclosed applications of the building
thermal envelope behind netting at mean temperatures be-
tween –10 and 35°C (14 to 95°F).
1.2 This practice applies to a wide variety of loose-ﬁll
thermal insulation products including but not limited to ﬁbrous
glass, rock/slag wool, or cellulosic ﬁber materials and any
other insulation material that can be installed pneumatically. It
does not apply to products that change their character after
installation either by chemical reaction or the application of
binders, adhesives or other materials that are not used in the
sample preparation described in this practice, nor does it
consider the effects of structures, containments, facings, or air
ﬁlms.
1.3 Since this practice is designed for reproducible product
comparison, it measures the thermal resistance of an insulation
material which has been preconditioned to a relatively dry
state. Consideration of changes of thermal performance of a
hygroscopic insulation by sorption of water is beyond the
scope of this practice.
1.4 The sample preparation techniques outlined in this
practice do not cover the characterization of loose-ﬁll materials
intended for open applications and not intended for spray-
applied applications.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
C1045 Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Prop-
erties Under Steady-State Conditions
C1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
C1363 Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building
Materials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a Hot
Box Apparatus
3. Terminology
3.1 Unless otherwise stated, the terms and deﬁnitions found
in Terminology C168 are applicable herein.
4. Signiﬁcance and Use
4.1 The thermal resistance, R, of an insulation is used to
describe its thermal performance.
4.2 The thermal resistance of an insulation is related to the
density and thickness of the insulation. It is desirable to obtain
test data on thermal resistances at thicknesses and densities
related to the end uses of the product.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
Measurement.
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published June 2023. Originally
approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as C1859 – 21. DOI:
10.1520/C1859-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

4.3 In normal use, the thickness of these products range
from less than 100 mm (4 in.) to greater than 150 mm (6 in.).
Installed densities depend upon the product type, the installed
thickness, the installation equipment used, the installation
techniques, and the geometry of the insulated space.
4.4 Loose-ﬁll insulations provide coverage information us-
ing densities selected by manufacturers to represent the product
installed densities. Generally, it is necessary to know the
product thermal performance at a representative density.
4.5 When applicable speciﬁcations or codes do not specify
the nominal thermal resistance level to be used for comparison
purposes, a recommended practice is to use the Rsi (met-
ric) = 2.65 m F/Btu]) label density and thickness for that
measurement.
4.6 If the density for test purposes is not available from the
coverage chart, a test density shall be established by use of
applicable speciﬁcations and codes or, if none apply, agreement
between the requesting body and the testing organization.
4.7 Generally, thin sections of these materials are not
uniform. Thus, the test thickness must be greater than or equal
to the product’s representative thickness if the results are to be
consistent and typical of use.
NOTE 1—The representative thickness is speciﬁc for each product and
is determined by running a series of tests in which the density is held
constant but the thickness is increased. The representative thickness is
deﬁned here as that thickness above which there is no more than a 2 %
change in the resistivity of the product. The representative thickness is a
function of product blown density. In general, as the density decreases, the
representative thickness increases. Fortunately, most products are de-
signed to be blown over a small range of densities. This limited range
yields a range of representative thicknesses between 75 to 150 mm (3 to
6 in.) for most products. To simplify the process for this practice, the
representative thickness for the C1859 tests is considered 87.5 mm (3
1
⁄
2
in). All thermal testing on this product is conducted at a thickness that is
greater or equal to the representative thickness.
4.7.1 For this practice, the minimum test thickness shall be
87.5 mm (3
1
⁄
2
in.). If the test is to represent an installation at
a lesser thickness, the installed thickness shall be used.
4.8 For purposes of this practice, it is acceptable to estimate
the thermal resistance at any thickness from the thermal
resistivity obtained from tests on the product at the minimum
test thickness (see 4.7.1) and at the density expected for the
proposed thickness.
4.9 In principle, any of the standard methods for the
determination of thermal resistance are suitable for loose-ﬁll
products. These include Test Methods C177,C518,C1114, and
C1363. This practice was developed in relationship to Test
Method C518 specimen size and geometry. For this reason,
Test Method C518 is preferred. Test Methods C177,C1114,
and C1363 are acceptable but changes to specimen size and
geometry are possible.
4.10 The thermal resistance of low-density insulations de-
pend upon the direction of heat ﬂow. Unless otherwise
speciﬁed, tests shall be performed for the maximum heat ﬂow
condition, that is, a horizontal specimen with heat ﬂow-up.
4.11 Specimens shall be prepared in a manner consistent
with the intended installation procedure. Products for pneu-
matic installation behind netting shall be pneumatically applied
(blown) using the manufacturer’s installation instructions and
netting speciﬁed.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Thermal test apparatus used for this practice shall meet
these requirements.
5.1.1 Conformance to Standards—The apparatus shall con-
form to all requirements of the ASTM thermal test method
used.
5.1.2 Size and Error—The apparatus shall be capable of
testing specimens up to at least 150-mm (6-in.) thickness with
an estimated error not greater than 1 % attributed to thickness/
guard dimensions. (Parametric studies using a mathematical
model of the proposed apparatus will give insight to this
evaluation. For example, see Table 1 in the 1976 edition of Test
Method C518.
3
NOTE 2—Thermal test apparatus in use for this practice shall have
overall plate dimensions of 457 to 1220 mm (18 to 48 in.) square with
metering areas 152 to 457 mm (6 to 18 in.) square. Other sizes are
acceptable if proper consideration of the size-thickness restrictions as
outlined in the test method are observed in their design. (See Practice
C1045 for additional discussion.)
5.1.3 Temperature—As a minimum, the apparatus shall be
capable of testing at a mean temperature of 23.9°C (75°F) with
a temperature difference of 20 to 28°C (36 to 50°F). The
equipment shall be calibrated at the same temperatures as the
test conditions. Some existing test apparatus have been de-
signed to provide measurements over a range of mean tem-
peratures from –20 to 55°C (–4 to 131°F) and for a wider range
of temperature differences.
5.1.4 Humidity—The absolute humidity within the test ap-
paratus shall be maintained low enough to prevent condensa-
tion within the specimen or on the cold plate(s). A maximum
9°C (48°F) dew point is consistent with the recommended
material conditioning levels.
5.1.5 Orientation and Direction of Heat Flow—The thermal
test apparatus shall be capable of testing horizontal specimens
with heat ﬂow-up. This orientation represents the most adverse
heat ﬂow condition for testing between two solid boundaries.
5.1.6 Thermal Test Specimen Frame—The test frame shall
be sized to match the test apparatus and shall be made of
materials having low thermal conductivity (<0.12 W/m K) and
minimum thickness. A thin, thermally insigniﬁcant, screen or
membrane is stretched across the bottom to support the
material. To simulate the actual installation process, a frame
holder, test frames (top and bottom half), and a cover assembly
are recommended. The frame holder, test frames and cover
assembly shall have ﬁxed rigid sides (see Figs. 1-5).
5.2 Specimen Preparation Equipment:
5.2.1 Blowing Machine—A blowing apparatus is required
when pneumatically applied specimens are to be tested.
Choose the combination of hopper, blower, and hose size and
length that is representative of common use for the application
3
See Table 1, “Maximum Spacing Between Warm and Cold Plates of Heat
Flowmeter Apparatus,” of Test Method C518 – 76 published in 1985 Annual Book
of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.
C1859 − 23
2

of the material to be tested. The following machine speciﬁca-

tions have been developed for use with mineral wool and

cellulosic materials.

5.2.1.1 Mineral Fiber Insulations:

(1) Blowing Machine—A commercial blowing machine

with a design capacity for delivering the subject material at a

rate between 4 and 15 kg (9 to 33 lb)/min.

(2) Blowing Hose—The machine shall utilize a minimum

of 30 m (100 ft) of typical 75 to 100 mm (3 to 4 in.) diameter

ﬂexible, internally corrugated blowing hose. The hose shall

have no more than eight 90° bends and all bends shall be

greater than 1.2-m (4-ft) radius. Before each sample prepara-

tion session, examine the hose for material remaining from

previous blows. Dislodge any remaining material by mechani-

cally agitating the hose when the machine is running. Repeat as

necessary to maintain a clean hose for each specimen.

(3) Insertion Device—The machine shall use a transition

coupler to reduce the hose diameter down to 50 to 64 mm (2 to

2.5 in.), with a recommended minimum length of 6 m (20 ft).

NOTE 3—In case of dispute, for mineral ﬁber insulations a 64 mm (2.5

in.) hose, 46 m (150 ft) long shall be used to prepare the specimens.

5.2.1.2 Cellulosic Insulations: Blowing Machine—Use

commercial blowing equipment designed for cellulosic

material, that is, hopper, blower, and a minimum of 30 m (100

ft) of typical 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3 in.) diameter hose.

NOTE 4—In case of dispute, for cellulosic insulations a 51 mm (2 in.)

hose, 30 m (100 ft) long shall be used to prepare the specimens.

5.2.2 Test Area Specimen Cutter—A means for isolating the

material within the metering area is required for the density

determination. The isolated region shall have an area and shape

identical to the metering area. Fig. 6 provides an example of a

die cutter used for this purpose. The use of a compression plate

to compress an area larger than the metering area, prior to

metering area material removal is recommended. The compres-

sion plate shall extend at least 75 mm (3 in.) beyond the

metering area boundary.

5.2.3 Weighing Devices—A device is required to weigh the

test area material after the thermal test is complete. This device

shall determine the test area weight to within 0.5 %. A second

device is required during sample preparation and conditioning

to determine the sample plus frame weight. This device shall

determine the combined weight to within 0.5 %.

5.2.4 Conditioning Room—An enclosure held at near con-

stant temperature and humidity is required to stabilize the

materials or products prior to testing. The conditions are

generally given in product speciﬁcations or in other appropriate

documents. In the absence of speciﬁc directions, conditioning

shall be carried out in an atmosphere of 23 62°C (75 64°F)

and a relative humidity of 50 65 % (see 5.1.4).

FIG. 1 Recommended Frame Holder (an Example)

C1859 − 23

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摘要：

ASTM C1859 - 23 是ASTM国际标准组织发布的关于耐火材料导热系数测定的最新标准规范，适用于高温工业中耐火砖、浇注料及陶瓷纤维等材料的导热性能评估。该标准详细规定了采用稳态热流计法或保护热板法进行测试的操作流程、试样制备要求、温度范围设定及数据处理方法，旨在确保不同实验室间测试结果的一致性与可重复性。通过遵循ASTM C1859 - 23，制造商和工程技术人员能够准确获取耐火材料在特定温度下的导热系数，从而优化窑炉、锅炉及热工设备的设计、节能与使用寿命。2023年版本更新了校准程序

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