ASTM C16 - 03 (2025) 高温下耐火材料形状负荷试验的标准试验方法

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Designation: C16 −03 (Reapproved 2025)
Standard Test Method for
Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
tance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when
subjected to a speciﬁed compressive load at a speciﬁed
temperature for a speciﬁed time.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens
by Casting
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
Comparison Techniques
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
3
Direct-Load Type Furnace (Oil or Gas Fired, or Electrically
Fired); Lever-Load Type Furnace
3. Signiﬁcance and Use
3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed
loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-
temperature service potential of the material. By deﬁnition,
refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature,
and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when
subjected to signiﬁcant loading at elevated temperatures is
clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to
this test method. The test method is normally run at a
sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form
within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding
system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension
parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions
perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear
fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable
changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established,
and the test method has been long used to determine refractory
quality. The test method has often been used in the establish-
ment of written speciﬁcations between producers and consum-
ers.
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory mate-
rials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means
are provided to protect the specimens.
4. Apparatus
4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and
a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig.
1or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
4
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the tempera-
ture is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test
specimens shall not differ by more than 10 °F (5.5 °C) during
the holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above
2370 °F (1300 °C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary to
install and adjust baffles within the furnace. A minimum of two
burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following
the low-temperature portion of the schedule (particularly for
silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to
supply heat for low temperatures and another for the higher
temperatures.
4.2 The temperature shall be measured either with cali-
brated platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples,
5,6,7
each
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of C08.01 on Strength.
Current edition approved April 1, 2025. Published April 2025. Originally
approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C16 – 03 (2018). DOI:
10.1520/C0016-03R25.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at www.astm.org/contact. For Annual Book of
ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary
page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
ADJC0016-E-PDF. Original adjunct produced in 1969; digitized in 2017.
4
Digital blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2
are available from ASTM International. Request Adjunct No. ADJC0016-E-PDF.
5
Test Method E220 speciﬁes calibration procedures for thermocouples.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

encased in a protection tube with the junction not more than

1 in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each

specimen or with a calibrated pyrometer.

5,6,7

A recording form

of temperature indicator is recommended. If the optical pyrom-

eter is used, observations shall be made by sighting on the face

of the specimens and in the same relative positions as those

speciﬁed for the thermocouples.

5. Test Specimen

5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two

9 in. by 4

⁄

in. by 2

⁄

in. or 3 in. (228 mm by 114 mm by

64 mm or 76 mm) straight refractory brick, or specimens of

this size cut from larger refractory shapes, utilizing as far as

possible existing plane surfaces.

5.2 If necessary, the ends of the specimen shall be ground so

that they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis.

5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, four

observations being made on each dimension (length, width,

and thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in.

(0.5 mm). The average dimensions shall be recorded, and the

cross section calculated.

6. Setting the Test Specimen

6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position in

the furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincides

with the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Figs. 1

and 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractory

The National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,

will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermo-

couples.

All temperatures speciﬁed in this test conform to the International Practical

Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2,

1969, pp. 35–44.

SI Equivalents

in. mm

18 460

24 610

NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches.

FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test Furnace

C16 − 03 (2025)

material, neutral to the specimen, having a minimum expansion

or contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between the

specimen and the refractory blocks a thin layer of highly

refractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chrome

ore, that has been ground to pass a No. 20 (850 µm) ASTM

sieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyler Standard Series). At the

top of the test specimen a block of similar highly refractory

material should be placed, extending through the furnace top to

receive the load.

NOTE 1—Recommended designs for the furnace and loading device are

shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Inside dimensions may vary between those shown

on these drawings. The dimensions of the framework will be determined

by the selection made on inside dimensions, thickness of refractory wall,

etc. The framework for either the direct loading or lever type are shown

in sufficient detail so detailed drawings for furnace construction can easily

be made. The use of a ﬂue system with either design is optional.

NOTE 2—Gross errors that may more than double the deformation will

result if the specimen is not set perpendicular to the base of the support or

if the load is applied eccentrically.

7. Procedure

7.1 Loading—Calculate the gross load to be applied

throughout the test from the average cross section of the

original specimen as determined in 5.3. Apply a load of 25 psi

(172 kPa) before heating is started. When testing specimens

that are likely to fail by shear, make provisions so that the

loading mechanism cannot drop more than

⁄

in. (13 mm)

when failure occurs.

7.2 Heating—The rate of heating shall be in accordance

with the requirements prescribed in Table 1. The temperature

shall not vary more than 620 °F (11 °C) from the speciﬁed

temperature.

7.3 Furnace Atmosphere—Above a temperature of 1470 °F

(800 °C), the furnace atmosphere shall contain a minimum of

0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles. Take the atmosphere

sample from the furnace chamber proper, preferably as near the

test specimen as possible.

7.4 Completion of Test and Report:

7.4.1 Include in the report the designation of the specimens

tested (manufacturer, brand, description, etc.). Note, if

applicable, specimen preparation procedures, character of the

faces (cut, ground, as-pressed, as-cast, etc.), and pretreatments

(curing, ﬁring, coking, etc.).

7.4.2 When a shear test is completed by failure of the

specimens, report the temperature of shear. At the expiration of

a test that does not involve shearing of the specimens, allow the

furnace to cool by radiation to 1830 °F (1000 °C) or lower

before the load is removed and the specimens are examined.

NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches. See Fig. 1 for SI equivalents.

FIG. 2 Lever-Load Type Test Furnace

C16 − 03 (2025)

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标签： #标准试验 #高温 #试验方法

摘要：

ASTM C16 - 03 (2025) 是一项针对耐火材料形状在高温条件下承受负荷性能的标准试验方法，旨在评估耐火材料在极端热环境下的形变与结构稳定性。该标准适用于各类耐火砖、预制件及其他成型耐火材料，通过规定的加热速率、载荷条件与测量程序，测定材料在高温下的软化点、蠕变行为及抗压强度。对于冶金、玻璃、陶瓷及水泥等高温工业领域，本试验方法为选材、质量控制与炉体设计提供关键数据支持，确保耐火材料在实际服役温度下具备可靠的安全性与耐久性。更新至2025年的版本延续了原有的技术框架，同时补充了更精确

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ASTM C16 - 03 (2025) 高温下耐火材料形状负荷试验的标准试验方法

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