ASTM C198 - 09 (2025) 耐火灰浆的冷粘接强度的标准试验方法

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Designation: C198 −09 (Reapproved 2025)
Standard Test Method for
Cold Bonding Strength of Refractory Mortar
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bond-
ing strength of air-setting refractory mortar by determining the
ﬂexural strength (modulus of rupture) at room temperature of
oven-dried brick-mortar joints.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C78/C78M Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete
(Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
C133 Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modu-
lus of Rupture of Refractories
C651 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured
Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at
Room Temperature
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Veriﬁcation of Test-
ing Machines
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Signiﬁcance and Use
3.1 The data developed by this test method show the
bonding strength and intrinsic strength of different qualities of
air-setting mortar. The procedures described in this test method
measure the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of air-
setting mortars when used with speciﬁc brands or lots of
refractory brick.
3.2 Note that it is possible to obtain results with these
methods for brick and mortar combinations which are incom-
patible for use at high operating temperatures. The user must
determine this compatibility. Only brick and mortar combina-
tions known or intended to be compatible for a particular use
should be tested.
3.3 Properties of the brick, including its strength, apparent
porosity, and pore size distribution, can affect the measurement
of both the bonding strength of the brick-mortar composite and
the intrinsic strength of the mortar. The average modulus of
rupture of the test brick, as determined by Test Methods C133,
should exceed that expected for the mortar being tested. The
testing of speciﬁc brands or lots of brick and mortar is
preferred.
3.4 Three modes of failure are available: the break may
occur within the brick itself, at the brick-mortar interface, or
within the mortar itself. The latter provides a practical mea-
surement of the strength of the mortar itself and is the
predominant mode of failure with the four-point ﬂexure test
described. The three-point ﬂexure test measures the failure
strength of the brick-mortar composite. Failure within the brick
itself suggests that either the particular brick contained a
serious ﬂaw, or that the mortar joint strength is of the same
magnitude or greater than that of the refractory brick. The
mode of failure should always be reported in the ﬁnal report.
3.5 A ruggedness test for this test method
3
performed in
1985 found the following variables to be rugged: specimen size
(2.5 in. to 3.0 in.), mortared surface (cut versus uncut), joint
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.01 on Strength.
Current edition approved April 1, 2025. Published April 2025. Originally
approved in 1945. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as C198 – 09 (2019).
DOI: 10.1520/C0198-09R25.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at www.astm.org/contact. For Annual Book of
ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary
page on the ASTM website.
3
Supporting data have been ﬁled at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C08-1008. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at www.astm.org/contact.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

thickness (

⁄

in. to

⁄

in.), pulling of rods (fast versus slow),

the loading rate (500 lbf ⁄min to 1000 lbf ⁄min), the method of

load application (three- versus four-point), and the operator.

3.6 The cold bonding strengths of refractory mortars ob-

tained by this test method are suitable for use in research and

development, quality control, and for establishing and evalu-

ating compliance with speciﬁcations between producers and

consumers.

4. Apparatus

4.1 Brick—At least ﬁve 9 in. by 4

⁄

in. by 2

⁄

in. (230 mm

by 114 mm by 65 mm) straight brick having plane surfaces and

true rectangular shape and an average modulus of rupture

higher than that expected from the mortar under test, when

determined in accordance with Test Methods C133, compose a

sample.

4.2 Spacing Rods—Two joint-thickness spacing rods made

⁄

in. (2 mm) diameter drill rod cut into 4 in. (102 mm)

lengths.

4.3 Oven—A drying oven to accommodate at least ﬁve 9 in.

(230 mm) straight brick standing on end, and for use at 220 °F

to 230 °F (105 °C to 110 °C).

4.4 Testing Machine—A standard mechanical or hydraulic

compression testing machine conforming to the requirements

of Practices E4 and having a sensitivity of 20 lbf or less in the

range from 0 lbf to 4000 lbf (17.8 kN) may be used.

4.5 Loading Fixture—The ﬁxtures shall provide load bear-

ing blocks which ensure that the forces are applied normal to

the beam without eccentricity. The directions of loads and

reactions may be maintained parallel by judicious use of

linkages, roller bearings, and ﬂexure plates. Eccentricity of

loading can be avoided by the use of spherical bearings.

4.5.1 Test Methods C133 provide illustrations of three-point

loading ﬁxtures which meet the above requirements. One

acceptable four-point loading ﬁxture is illustrated in Test

Method C78/C78M. Another is illustrated in Test Method

C651. The span length, L, of the support blocks shall be

7.00 in. 60.05 in. (178 mm 61 mm). The span length, l, of

the load-applying blocks for four-point loading shall be

2.33 in. 60.05 in. (59 mm 61 mm) (see Figs. 1 and 2).

5. Sampling

5.1 Wet Mortars—The sample of mortar shall be a prepared

test sample of about 10 lb (4.5 kg) (approximately

⁄

gal

(1.89 L)). If the weight of the commercial container is appre-

ciably more than 10 lb, the contents of the container shall be

thoroughly mixed in the container, or transferred without loss

to a clean impervious receptacle of larger size and mixed

thoroughly to a uniform consistency. A 10 lb test sample shall

then be taken and placed in a suitable covered container

resistant to the possible corrosive action of the mortar.

5.2 Dry Mortars—The sample of mortar submitted shall be

a prepared test sample of 10 lb (4.5 kg) or a larger quantity,

such as a 50 lb or 100 lb (23 kg or 45 kg) bag from which a

10 lb (4.5 kg) sample may be obtained using acceptable

sampling procedures. The 10 lb (4.5 kg) sample should be

thoroughly mixed with water to a uniform troweling consis-

tency and stored in a covered container (resistant to possible

corrosive action by the mortar) for at least 16 h prior to the test.

NOTE 1—Reaction of phosphoric acid or aluminum phosphate with

metallics may cause the development of hydrogen gas in some mortars.

NOTE 1—This apparatus may be used inverted. If the testing machine applies a force through a spherically sealed head, the center pivot may be omitted,

provided one load-applying block pivots on a rod and the other on a ball.

NOTE 2—1 in. = 25.4 mm.

FIG. 1 Diagrammatic View of a Suitable Apparatus for Flexure Test of Refractory Mortar Joints, Four-Point Loading Method

C198 − 09 (2025)

Therefore, the container should be covered only to minimize moisture

loss, not tightly sealed.

6. Procedure

6.1 Cut each of the bricks of the sample (see Note 2) into

two equal parts on a plane parallel to the 2

⁄

in. by 4

⁄

in.

(65 mm by 114 mm) face. Use the uncut 2

⁄

in. by 4

⁄

in. face

of each dry half-brick to form the mortar joint. The test mortar

shall be of troweling consistency; this may require the addition

of small amounts of water, followed by thorough mixing. Place

approximately double the quantity of mortar required to form

a joint

⁄

in. (2 mm) in thickness on the uncut and horizontally

placed face of one half-brick. Place two spacing rods in the

mortar parallel to the 2

⁄

in. (65 mm) edges of the brick and

⁄

in. (19 mm) from each edge. Then place the uncut face of

the other half-brick on the mortar. Force out the excess mortar

in the joint by pressing on the top half-brick and at the same

time moving it with a to-and-fro motion in the direction of the

⁄

in. (114 mm) dimension of the brick, using the spacing

rods as rollers.

6.1.1 A total of ﬁve movements in each direction shall be

given, and the distance of travel for the top half-brick should be

⁄

in. (6 mm) from center in each direction. Withdraw the rods

and clean the excess mortar from the surface of the joint. Allow

the joints prepared in this manner to air dry undisturbed at

room temperature for 24 h, and then oven dry at 220 °F to

230 °F (105 °C to 110 °C) for 18 h (overnight). Upon removal

from the oven, allow them to cool by radiation until cool to the

touch (6 h maximum).

NOTE 2—A thin, abrasive cut-off wheel is useful for “sawing” the 9 in.

(230 mm) brick in half.

6.2 Place and center the 9 in. by 4

⁄

in. (230 mm by

114 mm) face of the test specimen on the support blocks. Place

and center the load-applying block(s) on the opposite face of

the specimen, ensuring that the applied loads and reactions will

remain parallel during testing.

6.3 The load shall be applied in accordance with Test

Methods C133, except that, when using a hydraulic testing

machine, the load shall be applied at the rate of 1000 lbf

(4.45 kN) ⁄min.

7. Report

7.1 For three-point loading, calculate the modulus of rup-

ture using Eq 1:

MOR 53PL/2bd

(1)

where:

MOR = modulus of rupture, lbf/in.

(MPa),

P= maximum applied load at rupture, lbf (N),

L= span between supports, in. (mm),

b= breadth or width of specimen, in. (mm), and

d= depth of specimen, in. (mm).

7.2 For four-point loading, calculate the modulus of rupture

using Eq 2 or Eq 3:

7.2.1 If the fracture initiated in the tension surface within

the middle third of the span length:

MOR 5PL/bd

(2)

7.2.2 If the fracture initiated in the tension surface outside of

the middle third of the span length by not more than 5 % of the

span:

MOR 53Pa/bd

(3)

where:

a= average distance between the line of fracture and the

nearest support on the tension surface of the beam, in.

(mm).

7.2.3 If fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of the

middle third of the span length by more than 5 % of the span

length, discard the results of the test.

7.3 The report shall include:

7.3.1 The identity (brand, description, lot number, etc.) of

the mortar and brick tested;

7.3.2 The type of testing performed, three- or four-point

loading;

7.3.3 The number of specimens composing a sample;

7.3.4 Individual dimensions, maximum applied load, calcu-

lated modulus of rupture, and the mode of fracture (that is, in

brick, at brick-mortar interface or within mortar) observed for

each specimen;

FIG. 2 Beam with Four-Point Loading

C198 − 09 (2025)

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标签： #标准试验 #试验方法 #标准试验方法

摘要：

本页面详细介绍ASTM C198 - 09 (2025)《耐火灰浆的冷粘接强度的标准试验方法》。该标准由美国材料与试验协会制定，最新修订于2025年，用于测定耐火灰浆在室温条件下固化后的冷粘接强度，为高温工业炉衬、耐火砖砌筑及修补材料的选择与质量控制提供关键数据。试验方法涵盖试样制备、养护条件、加载速率及强度计算等完整流程，适用于致密和隔热耐火灰浆。通过该试验可评估灰浆与耐火砖之间的粘接性能，帮助工程人员判断材料在冷态下的结构完整性及抗剥落能力。标准强调精确控制灰浆用水量、养护时间和测试环境，确

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