ASTM E1192 - 23

VIP免费

Carl 2024-09-04 22 170.7KB 15 页 10星币

Designation: E1192 −23
Standard Guide for
Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aqueous Ambient
Samples and Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and
Amphibians
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E1192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory
data concerning the adverse effects of an aqueous effluent on
certain species of freshwater and saltwater ﬁshes,
macroinvertebrates, and amphibians, usually during 2 day to
4 day exposures, depending on the species, using the static,
renewal, and ﬂow-through techniques. These procedures will
probably be useful for conducting acute toxicity tests on
aqueous effluents with many other aquatic species, although
modiﬁcations might be necessary.
1.2 Other modiﬁcations of these procedures might be justi-
ﬁed by special needs or circumstances. Although using appro-
priate procedures is more important than following prescribed
procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures
are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests.
Comparison of results obtained using modiﬁed and unmodiﬁed
versions of these procedures might provide useful information
concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting acute
toxicity tests on aqueous effluents.
1.3 This guide is based in large part on Guide E729 where
addition details are provided for test elements that may be
applicable to the ambient and effluent toxicity testing described
in this method. The major differences between the two guides
are (1) the maximum test concentration is 100 % effluent or
ambient sample, (2) testing is not chemical-speciﬁc, and (3) the
holding time of effluent and ambient samples is often consid-
erably less than that for chemicals and other test materials.
Because the sample is often a complex mixture of chemicals,
analytical tests cannot generally be used to conﬁrm exposure
concentrations.
1.4 Selection of the technique to be used in a speciﬁc
situation will depend upon the needs of the investigator and
upon available resources. Static tests provide the most easily
obtained measure of acute toxicity but should not last longer
than 48 h. Renewal and ﬂow-through tests may last longer than
48 h because the pH and concentrations of dissolved oxygen
and effluent are maintained at desired levels and degradation
and metabolic products are removed. Static tests might not be
applicable to effluents that have a high oxygen demand or
contain materials that (1) are highly volatile, (2) are rapidly
biologically or chemically transformed in aqueous solutions, or
(3) are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by
the test chambers or organisms during the test. Flow-through
tests are generally preferable to renewal tests, although in some
situations a renewal test might be more cost-effective than a
ﬂow-through test.
1.5 In the development of these procedures, an attempt was
made to balance scientiﬁc and practical considerations and to
ensure that the results will be sufficiently accurate and precise
for the applications for which they are commonly used. A
major consideration was that the common uses of the results of
acute tests on effluents do not require or justify stricter
requirements than those set forth in this guide. Although the
tests may be improved by using more organisms, longer
acclimation times, and so forth, the requirements presented in
this guide should usually be sufficient.
1.6 Results of acute toxicity tests should usually be reported
in terms of a median lethal concentration (LC50) or median
effective concentration (EC50). In some situations, it might be
necessary only to determine whether a speciﬁc concentration is
acutely toxic to the test species or whether the LC50 or EC50
is above or below a speciﬁc concentration.
1.7 This guide is arranged as follows:
Section
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
Summary of Guide 4
Signiﬁcance and Use 5
Hazards 7
Apparatus 6
Facilities 6.1
Special Requirements 6.2
Construction Materials 6.3
Metering System 6.4
Test Chambers 6.5
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental
Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-
ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2023. Published February 2023. Originally
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1192 – 97(2014).
DOI: 10.1520/E1192-23.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

Cleaning 6.6
Acceptability 6.7
Dilution Water 8
Requirements 8.1
Source 8.2
Treatment 8.3
Characterization 8.4
Effluent 9
Sampling Point 9.1
Collection 9.2
Preservation 9.3
Treatment 9.4
Test Concentration(s) 9.5
Test Organisms 10
Species 10.1
Age 10.2
Source 10.3
Care and Handling 10.4
Feeding 10.5
Disease Treatment 10.6
Holding 10.7
Acclimation 10.8
Quality 10.9
Procedure 11
Experimental Design 11.1
Dissolved Oxygen 11.2
Temperature 11.3
Loading 11.4
Beginning the Test 11.5
Feeding 11.6
Duration of Test 11.7
Biological Data 11.8
Other Measurements 11.9
Analytical Methodology 12
Acceptability of Test 13
Calculation or Results 14
Report 15
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Speciﬁc hazard statements are given in Section 7.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
D4447 Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and
Samples
E724 Guide for Conducting Static Short-Term Chronic Tox-
icity Tests Starting with Embryos of Four Species of
Saltwater Bivalve Molluscs
E729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test
Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-
ians
E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-
ronmental Fate (Withdrawn 2023)
3
E1203 Practice for Using Brine Shrimp Nauplii as Food for
Test Animals in Aquatic Toxicology (Withdrawn 2013)
3
E1604 Guide for Behavioral Testing in Aquatic Toxicology
E1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-
Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
E1733 Guide for Use of Lighting in Laboratory Testing
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Use of
the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric
System
3. Terminology
3.1 Deﬁnitions:
3.1.1 acute test, n—a comparative study in which
organisms, that are subjected to different treatments, are
observed for a relatively short period usually not constituting a
substantial portion of their life span.
3.1.2 dilution water, n—non-toxic aqueous exposure media
(that is, water) used to reduce the concentration of a test
substance in aquatic toxicity tests and is used as the control
water.
3.1.3 reconstituted water, n—a dilution water that is pre-
pared by adding sea salt or appropriate amounts of reagent-
grade salts to water, which is usually prepared using
deionization, distillation, or reverse osmosis, so that the con-
centrations and ratios of the major ions in the dilution water are
similar to those in comparable natural surface waters.
3.2 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,” and “might”
have very speciﬁc meanings in this guide. “Must” is used to
express an absolute requirement, that is, to state that the test
ought to be designed to satisfy the speciﬁed condition, unless
the purpose of the test requires a different design. “Must” is
only used in connection with factors that directly relate to the
acceptability of the test (see 13.1). “Should” is used to state
that the speciﬁed condition is recommended and ought to be
met if possible. Although violation of one “should” is rarely a
serious matter, violation of several will often render the results
questionable. Terms such as “is desirable,” “is often desirable,”
and “might be desirable” are used in connection with less
important factors. “May” is used to mean “is (are) allowed to,”
“can” is used to mean “is (are) able to,” and “might” is used to
mean “could possibly.” Thus the classic distinction between
“may” and “can” is preserved, and “might” is never used as a
synonym for either “may” or “can.”
3.3 The term “effluents” refers to aqueous discharges regu-
lated under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) collected at the sampling point speciﬁed in
the NPDES permit.
3.4 The term “ambient samples” refers to water samples
collected from the environment. Examples include surface
waters, storm waters, leachates, and ground water.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.ast-
m.org.
E1192 − 23
2

3.5 For deﬁnitions of other terms used in this guide, refer to
Guide E729 and Terminology E943. For an explanation of
units and symbols, refer to IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 In each of two or more treatments, test organisms of one
species are maintained for 2 days to 8 days in one or more test
chambers. In each of the one or more control treatments, the
organisms are maintained in dilution water to which no effluent
has been added in order to provide (1) a measure of the
acceptability of the test by giving an indication of the quality
of the test organisms and the suitability of the dilution water,
test conditions, handling procedures, and so forth, and (2) the
basis for interpreting data obtained from the other treatments.
In each of the one or more other treatments, the organisms are
maintained in dilution water to which a selected concentration
of effluent has been added. Data on effects on the organisms in
each test chamber are usually obtained periodically during the
test and analyzed to determine LC50s or EC50s for various
lengths of exposure.
5. Signiﬁcance and Use
5.1 An acute effluent toxicity test is conducted to obtain
information concerning the immediate effects on test organ-
isms of a short-term exposure to an effluent under speciﬁc
experimental conditions. One can directly examine acute
effects of complex mixtures of chemicals as occurs in effluents
and some ambient waters. Acute effluent toxicity tests can be
used to evaluate the potential for designated-use or aquatic life
impairment in the receiving stream, lake, or estuary. An acute
toxicity test does not provide information about whether
delayed effects will occur, although a post-exposure observa-
tion period, with appropriate feeding if necessary, might
provide such information.
5.2 Results of acute effluent tests might be used to predict
acute effects likely to occur on aquatic organisms in ﬁeld
situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions,
except that (1) motile organisms might avoid exposure when
possible, (2) toxicity to benthic species might be dependent on
sorption or settling of components of the effluent onto the
substrate, and (3) the effluent might physically or chemically
interact with the receiving water.
5.3 Results of acute effluent tests might be used to compare
the acute sensitivities of different species and the acute
toxicities of different effluents, and to study the effects of
various environmental factors on results of such tests.
5.4 Acute tests are usually the ﬁrst step in evaluating the
effects of an effluent on aquatic organisms.
5.5 Results of acute effluent tests will depend on the
temperature, composition of the dilution water, condition of the
test organisms, exposure technique, and other factors.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Facilities—Although some small organisms can be held
and acclimated in static or renewal systems, most organisms
are held, acclimated, and cultured in ﬂow-through systems.
Test chambers should be in a constant-temperature room,
incubator, or recirculating water bath. A dilution-water tank,
which may be used to store receiving water, or a headbox is
often elevated so dilution water can be gravity-fed into holding
and acclimation tanks and test chambers. Pumps are often used
to deliver dilution water and effluent to headboxes and tanks.
Strainers and air traps should be included in the water supply.
Headboxes and holding, acclimation, culture, and dilution-
water tanks should be equipped for temperature control and
aeration (see 8.3). Air used for aeration should be free of
fumes, oil, and water; ﬁlters to remove oil and water are
desirable. Filtration of air through a 0.22 µm bacterial ﬁlter
might be desirable (1)
4
. The facility should be well ventilated
and free of fumes. To further reduce the possibility of contami-
nation by components of the effluent and other substances,
especially volatile ones, holding, acclimation, and culture tanks
should not be in a room in which toxicity tests are conducted,
effluent is stored, test solutions are prepared, or equipment is
cleaned. During holding, acclimation, culture, and testing,
organisms should be shielded from disturbances with curtains
or partitions to prevent unnecessary stress. A timing device
should be used to provide a 16 h light and 8 h dark photope-
riod. A 15 to 30-min transition period (2)when the lights go on
might be desirable to reduce the possibility of organisms being
stressed by large, sudden increases in light intensity. A transi-
tion period when the lights go off might also be desirable (see
Guide E1733).
6.2 Special Requirements—Some organisms require special
conditions during holding, acclimation, and testing. For
example, burrowing mayﬂy nymphs should be provided a
substrate suitable for burrowing (3);immature stream insects
should be in a current (4); and amphipods, midge larvae, crabs,
shrimp, and bottom-dwelling ﬁsh should be provided a silica-
sand substrate. Nylon or stainless steel mesh can also be used
to provide a substrate to which amphipods can cling. Because
cannibalism might occur among many species of decapod
crustaceans, the claws of crabs and crayﬁsh should be banded,
or the individuals should be physically isolated by means of
screened compartments or held individually in test chamber
during testing.
6.3 Construction Materials—Equipment and facilities that
contact effluent samples, test solutions, or any water into which
test organisms will be placed should not contain substances
that can be leached or dissolved by aqueous solutions in
amounts that adversely affect aquatic organisms. In addition,
equipment and facilities that contact effluent samples or test
solutions should be chosen to minimize sorption of effluent
components from water. Glass, Type 316 stainless steel, nylon,
and non-ﬂuorocarbon plastics should be used whenever pos-
sible to minimize dissolution, leaching, and sorption, except
that stainless steel should not be used in tests on metals in salt
water. Concrete and rigid plastics may be used for holding,
acclimation, and culture tanks and in the water supply, but they
should be soaked, preferably in ﬂowing dilution water, for a
week or more before use (5).Cast iron pipe should not be used
with salt water and probably should not be used in a
4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this standard.
E1192 − 23
3

文档加载中……请稍候！
如果长时间未打开，您也可以点击刷新试试。

下载文档到电脑，查找使用更方便

亲，本站95%以上的标准规范都面向会员免费，办理VIP会员下载更省钱，平均每篇不到2元

立即下载 VIP免费下载

摘要：

ASTM E1192 - 23 是一项由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布的最新版本标准规范，专门用于评估建筑材料在火灾暴露条件下的结构耐火性能。该标准适用于测定建筑构件（如墙体、楼板、梁柱等）在标准火势升温曲线下的承载能力、完整性及隔热性能，是建筑防火设计与安全评估的重要依据。遵循 ASTM E1192 - 23 有助于工程设计人员、制造商及监管机构确保材料在不同火灾场景下的可靠性，从而提升建筑物的整体防火安全水平。

展开>> 收起<<

ASTM E1192 - 23.pdf

共15页,预览4页

还剩页未读，继续阅读

声明：本文档系会员上传，若文档所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私，请立即通知，我们立即给予侵权申诉删除！

ASTM E1192 - 23

相关推荐

开通VIP享超值会员特权

相关内容

热门标签

举报选择: