ASTM E2399 - E 2399M - 19

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Designation: E2399/E2399M −19
Standard Test Method for
Maximum Media Density for Dead Load Analysis of
Vegetative (Green) Roof Systems
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E2399/E2399M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the
maximum media density for purposes of estimating the maxi-
mum dead load for green roof assemblies. The method also
provides a measure of the moisture content, the air-ﬁlled
porosity, and the water permeability measured at the maximum
media density.
1.2 This procedure is suitable for green roof media that
contain no more than 30 % organic material as measured using
the loss on ignition, as described in Test Methods E177, Test
Method C. The test specimen should be a bulk oven-dried
sample prepared according to Test Methods E177, Test Method
A.
1.3 The maximum media density and associated moisture
content measured in this procedure applies to drained condi-
tions near the saturation point.
1.4 The test method is intended to emulate vertical perco-
lation rates for water in green roofs.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and to
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft
3
(600
kN-m/m
3
))
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2325 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationships
for Coarse- and Medium-Textured Soils by Porous-Plate
Apparatus (Withdrawn 2007)
3
D2947/D2947M Test Method for Screen Analysis of Asbes-
tos Fibers
E11 Speciﬁcation for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor-
mance of Buildings
3. Terminology
3.1 Deﬁnitions:
3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer to
Terminology E631.
3.1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to the
performance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.
3.2 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:
3.2.1 air-ﬁlled porosity—the air-ﬁlled porosity, also known
as void ratio or non-capillary porosity, is a measure of the air
volume remaining in a sample after it has been compacted to
the maximum media density and when the moisture content
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Rooﬁng
and Waterprooﬁng and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.24 on
Sustainability.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2019. Published February 2019. Originally
approved in 2005. Last previously approved in 2015 as E2399/E2399M – 15. DOI:
10.1520/E2399_E2399M-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
 

equals the maximum media water retention. In this method, the

air-ﬁlled porosity does not include closed-cell particle porosity

or porosity that is unavailable to be ﬁlled by water when the

sample is immersed.

3.2.1.1 Discussion—This property has two important appli-

cations:

(1) It is an indicator of the viability of media to support plants

when it is wet. Materials with low air-ﬁlled porosity may tend

toward anoxic conditions when wet, and

(2) This is the volume available for water to ﬁll after the

maximum media water retention is satisﬁed. This volume of

water may contribute to the live load of the green roof system.

3.2.2 maximum media density—the density of a mixed

media material determined after it has been subjected to a

speciﬁc amount of compaction and hydrated by immersion to

simulate prolonged exposure to both foot traffic and rainfall.

3.2.2.1 Discussion—The maximum media density applies to

drained conditions.

3.2.3 maximum media water retention—the quantity of wa-

ter held in a media at the maximum media density, measured in

volume percent.

3.2.3.1 Discussion—This is useful measure of the capacity

of a media to hold water under drained conditions.

3.2.4 saturation point—the moisture content at which the

soil tension in the mixed media is zero, but a free water surface

has not developed.

3.2.4.1 Discussion—The saturation point represents the

theoretical maximum moisture content that a material can

contain in a drained state.

3.2.5 water permeability—the coefficient, which when mul-

tiplied by the hydraulic gradient will yield the apparent

velocity with which water, at 68°F [20°C] will move through a

cross-section of media.

3.2.5.1 Discussion—The conditions created in this method

apply to freely-drained media where the free water surface is

level with the upper surface of the media layer (such as,

impending accumulation of water above the surface of the

media).

4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 This test method involves compressing a moist sample

of a media into a perforated mold using speciﬁed compaction

developed using a Proctor hammer. The sample is subsequently

immersed in a water bath for 24 hours to promote full

hydration of the material. After allowing the sample to drain

brieﬂy, its density and moisture content are determined using

standard gravimetric procedures. This procedure also includes

methods for estimating: (1) the water permeability using a

pseudo-constant head procedure, and (2) the air-ﬁlled porosity.

4.2 This test method involves measuring the density of the

media after the sample has been allowed to drain for 2 h. This

measurement is the maximum media density. The 2-h measure-

ment is valuable to the green roof designer, since it is directly

comparable to media densities determined using the most

common international procedures for establishing green roof

dead load values.

5. Signiﬁcance and Use

5.1 This test method describes simple laboratory methods

that provide reproducible measurements of critical media

properties, and permit direct comparisons to be made between

different media materials.

5.2 The density of mixed media materials will vary depend-

ing on the degree to which they are subjected to compaction

and the length of time that the material is allowed to hydrate

and subsequently drain. Most green roof media materials have

a large capacity to absorb and retain moisture. Furthermore,

moisture will drain gradually from the media following a

hydration cycle. The maximum media density measured in this

procedure approaches the density at the theoretical saturation

point.

5.3 Existing methods for measuring the capillary-moisture

relationship for soils (Test Method D2325) rely on sample

preparation procedures (Test Methods D698) that are not

consistent with the conditions associated with the placement of

green roof media materials. This procedure is intended to

provide a reproducible laboratory procedure for predicting the

maximum media density, moisture content, air-ﬁlled porosity,

and water permeability under conditions that more closely

replicate ﬁeld conditions on green roofs.

5.4 The value of this test method to the green roof designer

is that it provides an objective measure of maximum probable

media density (under drained conditions) for estimating struc-

tural loads. It also provides a method for estimating the lower

limit for the water permeability of the in-place media. This

latter value is important when considering drainage conditions

in green roofs. Finally, the maximum media water retention has

been shown to be a useful indicator of the moisture retention

properties of green roof media.

6. Apparatus

6.1 Apparatus—contains the following:

6.1.1 Cylindrical stainless steel container: inside dimen-

sions 6.5 in. [16.5 cm] high with a 6-in. [15.2 cm] inside

diameter and 125

⁄

-in. [4.75-mm] perforations in the bottom.

The hole pattern is not signiﬁcant, provided the holes are

distributed evenly across the bottom of the cylinder. The

tolerance for the cylinder dimensions shall be plus or minus 0.1

in. [2.5 mm].

6.1.2 U.S. #30 [0.6 mm] sieve disc, 5.8-in. [14.7-cm]

diameter.

6.1.3 Steel disk plate, 5.8-in. [14.7-cm] diameter.

6.1.4 Proctor hammer: 10 lb [4.54 kg], with fall height of 18

in. [45.7 cm].

6.1.5 Scale, accurate to 0.0035 oz [0.1 g] and capacity of at

least 11 lb [5 kg].

6.1.6 Drying dish.

6.1.7 Plastic water immersion bath with minimum immer-

sion depth of 8 in. [20.3 cm].

6.1.8 Drain stand.

6.1.9 Filter fabric disk, 5.8-in. [14.7-cm] diameter, for

covering the upper surface of the sample within the test

cylinder.

6.1.10 4-in. [10-cm] concrete cubes (for use as weights).

E2399/E2399M − 19

6.1.11 Measuring scale, supported by a circular wire stand,

with marks at 1.5 and 2.0 in. [3.8 and 5.0 cm].

6.1.12 Thermometer.

6.1.13 Calibrated 8 ﬂuid oz [250 mL] volumetric ﬂask with

wide neck.

6.1.14 Hot plate.

6.1.15 Hot mitts.

7. Conditioning

7.1 The procedure requires a damp sample. If the sample is

received in a dry condition, it must be moistened. The initial

moisture content, M

, of the sample shall be not less than 10 %

and not more than 25 %, by weight.

7.2 Determine the as-received moisture content of the

sample according to Test Method E691.

7.3 If the as-received moisture content of the sample is less

than 10 % moisture content by weight, adjust by adding water

and incorporate by gently mixing. If the as-received moisture

content of the sample is greater than 25 % moisture content by

weight, allow the sample to air-dry until the moisture content

is reduced to within the appropriate range. After moistening or

air-drying, allow the sample to stand in an airtight container for

3 hours before continuing the procedure. Re-measure the

percent moisture content (Test Method E691) to conﬁrm that

the appropriate moisture range has been achieved and record as

8. Procedure

8.1 General:

8.1.1 Place one of the sieve discs inside the cylinder to

cover the perforations. Weigh the cylinder and disc together,

and record. Fill the cylinder with the sample material to a

height of 4.75 to 5.5 in. [12 to 14 cm]. The quantity of material

added should be sufficient to produce a sample height of

approximately 4 in. [10 cm] after being compressed.

8.1.2 Cover the contained material with the steel plate and

compress with 6 blows of the Proctor hammer. Remove the

steel plate. Determine the sample thickness, H

, by measuring

the height from the top of the upper cylinder edge to the upper

surface of the sample and subtracting this from the inside

cylinder height. If the sample surface is not level, four

cross-wise measurements of the sample height should be taken

and averaged. Compute the initial sample volume, V

8.1.3 Determine the weight of the container together with

the contained sample. Compute the initial sample weight, W

by subtracting the combined weight of the container and

bottom sieve (see above).

8.1.4 The sample volume and the sample weight must be

established initially, before the sample is immersed. Any

change in sample volume during subsequent immersion should

be reported with the test results. A determination of the sample

density in the dry condition is undertaken after determination

of the maximum media density capacity.

8.1.5 Cover the upper surface of the sample with the ﬁlter

fabric disc. Cover the fabric with the sieve disc and place the

stone weights on top in order to minimize swelling of the

sample during immersion.

8.1.6 Place the cylinder in the immersion bath and slowly

ﬁll with water to a depth of 0.5 in. [1.25 cm] over the top of the

sample. As required, ﬁll to maintain the water level. Maintain

the temperature of the bath at 68°F 65°F [20 62.75°C].

8.1.7 Remove the cylinder after 24 hours of immersion.

Place on the drain stand and allow to drain for 120 min. Wipe

the outside of the container dry and remove the blocks and

upper sieve disc. Do not remove the fabric. Weigh the cylinder

with the contained sample.

8.1.8 Compute the sample weight, W

120

, by subtracting the

combined weight of the container and bottom sieve disc. Check

the ﬁnal sample thickness, H, and record changes from the

initial height. This thickness will be used in the subsequent

determination of water permeability and maximum media

density. Compute the ﬁnal sample volume, V, and record.

8.1.9 Return the cylinder to the drain stand. Place the

measuring scale on the upper surface of the sample.

8.1.10 Using water from the bath, at a temperature of 68 6

5°F [20 62.75°C], ﬁll the cylinder so that the water stands to

a depth of 0.5 to 1 in. [1.25 to 2.50 cm] over the top of the

sample. Add water continually to keep the water level approxi-

mately constant.

8.1.11 Begin the measurement as soon as a steady ﬂow of

water issues from the holes at the bottom of the cylinder. Fill

the cylinder to a depth greater than the upper mark (2.0-in.

[5.0-cm] mark). As the water level declines, note the time that

at which the water level ﬁrst reaches the 2.0-in. [5.0-cm] mark.

Determine the elapsed time, T, in seconds, required for the

water level to fall to the ﬁnal water level (1.5-in. [3.8-cm]

mark). Repeat 3 times and average the results. Record the

temperature of the water that is collected from the bottom of

the cylinder.

8.1.12 Place the sample in a drying dish of known weight

and dry at 220° 65°F [104° 62.75°C] for four hours. Weigh

the drying dish and sample. Continue drying until subsequent

measurements made 15 min apart differ by 2 %, or less.

Compute the weight of the dry sample, W

dry

, by subtracting the

weight of the dish.

8.1.13 Weigh clean dry volumetric ﬂask, W

8.1.14 Add 0.1 to 0.22 lb [50 to 100 g] of the conditioned

sample to the ﬂask and weigh. Record as W

8.1.15 Fill the ﬂask with approximately 5 ﬂuid oz [150 mL]

of distilled water, taking care to rinse sample particles into the

suspension.

8.1.16 To remove entrapped air, place the ﬂask on a hot

plate and boil gently for 3 min. Agitate content, as necessary,

to avoid foaming and sample loss. Remove the ﬂask from the

hot plate and cool to room temperature. Room temperature is

68°F [20°C], plus or minus 5°F [2.75°C].

8.1.17 Fill the ﬂask to the 8 ﬂuid oz [250 mL] calibration

line with boiled distilled water at room temperature. Weigh the

ﬂask and contents. Record as W

8.1.18 Remove the content of the ﬂask and rinse thoroughly.

Fill the ﬂask to the 8 ﬂuid oz [250 mL] calibration line with

distilled water at room temperature. Weigh the ﬂask and

contents. Records as W

E2399/E2399M − 19

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摘要：

ASTM E2399 - E 2399M - 19 是一项由美国材料与试验协会发布的标准化测试方法，专门用于测量采用侧边封装的反射型隔热材料在静态条件下的热性能。该标准适用于带有密封或半密封空气间隙的反射隔热系统，通过稳态热流计法测定其总热阻值（R值），为建筑围护结构中的保温材料性能评估提供统一、可重复的试验依据。本版（2019年更新）进一步明确了测试装置、样品制备、环境控制条件以及数据处理流程，确保测试结果在工程设计、节能认证及产品合规审查中的可靠性与可比性。对于建筑工程师、稽查机构以及隔热材

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