ASTM E3320 - 21

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Designation: E3320 −21
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Retroreﬂective Pavement Marking Materials
Using a Mobile Retroreﬂectometer Unit (MRU)
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E3320; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the retroreﬂec-
tive properties of horizontal pavement marking materials
containing retroreﬂecting optics, such as traffic stripes and
surface symbols, using a mobile retroreﬂectometer unit that
can be operated at traffic speed, mounted on a vehicle to
measure the retroreﬂection at a prescribed geometry.
1.2 The entrance and observation angles of the MRU affect
the readings. As speciﬁed by the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) and in Test Method E1710, the entrance
and observation angles shall be 88.76° and 1.05°, respectively.
1.3 This test method is intended to be used for ﬁeld
measurement of pavement markings at traffic speed.
1.4 This test method is intended to be used for retroreﬂec-
tivity measurement of dry pavement markings.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address regulatory and
safety regulations of the MRU and its use. It is the responsi-
bility of the manufacturer to fulﬁll regulatory standards. It is
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
D7585 Practice for Evaluating Retroreﬂective Pavement
Markings Using Portable Hand-Operated Instruments
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E808 Practice for Describing Retroreﬂection
E1710 Test Method for Measurement of Retroreﬂective
Pavement Marking Materials with CEN-Prescribed Ge-
ometry Using a Portable Retroreﬂectometer
2.2 Other Standards:
CEN EN 1436 Road Marking Materials—Road Marking
Performance for Road Users and Test Methods
3
CIE publication No. 54.2 Retroreﬂection – Deﬁnition and
Measurement
4
ISO 10526 CIE standard illuminants for colorimetry
5
3. Terminology
3.1 The terminology used in this test method generally
agrees with that used in Terminology E284.
3.2 Deﬁnitions—The delimiting phrase “in retroreﬂection”
applies to each of the following deﬁnitions when used outside
the context of this or other retroreﬂection test methods:
3.2.1 actual measuring distance, D, n—the actual horizontal
distance from the MRU to the center of the measuring areas of
the pavement marking.
3.2.2 coeffıcient of retroreﬂected luminance, R
L
,n—the ratio
of the luminance, L, of a projected surface to the normal
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.10 on
Retroreﬂection.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2021. Published June 2022. DOI: 10.1520/
E3320-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue
Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
4
Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commission
on Illumination), C/o Alan Laird Lewis, 282 E. Riding, Carlisle, MA 01741,
http://www.cie-usnc.org.
5
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

illuminance, E', at the surface on a plane normal to the incident

light expressed in candelas per square meter per lux

(cd·m

-2

·lx

-1

3.2.2.1 Discussion—Because of the low luminance of pave-

ment markings, the units used commonly are millicandelas per

square meter per lux (mcd·m

-2

·lx

-1

3.2.3 co-entrance angle, β

,n—the complement of the

entrance angle (90° − β).

3.2.4 co-viewing angle, ν

,n—the complement of the view-

ing angle (90° − v).

3.2.5 entrance angle, β,n—the angle between the illumina-

tion axis and the retroreﬂector axis.

3.2.5.1 Discussion—The retroreﬂector axis for pavement

markings is normal to the marking.

3.2.6 entrance angle components, n—β

and β

are the

entrance angle components as deﬁned in CIE publ. 54.2 and

Practice E808.

3.2.7 instrument standard, n—working standard used to

calibrate the MRU.

3.2.8 intended measuring distance, D

,n—the intended

horizontal distance from the MRU to the center of the

measuring areas of the pavement marking.

3.2.9 longitudinal measurement ﬁeld, L, n—longitudinal

dimension of the measuring ﬁeld.

3.2.10 mobile retroreﬂectometer unit (MRU), n—refers to a

measurement system that can be mounted on a vehicle to

measure the coefficient of retroreﬂected luminance with a

prescribed geometry at traffic speed.

3.2.11 observation angle, α,n—the angle between the

illumination axis and the observation axis.

3.2.12 presentation angle, γ,n—the angle between the

observation half-plane and the half-plane that originates on the

illumination axis and that contains the retroreﬂector axis.

3.2.13 retroreﬂection, n—a reﬂection in which the reﬂected

rays are returned preferentially in directions close to the

opposite of the direction of the incident rays; this property

being maintained over wide variations of the direction of the

incident rays.

3.2.14 rotation angle, ε,n—the angle in a plane perpendicu-

lar to the retroreﬂector axis from the observation half-plane to

the datum axis, measured counterclockwise from a viewpoint

on the retroreﬂector axis; according to Practice E808.

3.2.15 transverse measurement ﬁeld, T, n—dimension of the

width of the measurement ﬁeld in the traverse direction in

order to fully measure the width of the road marking(s).

3.2.16 viewing angle, v, n—the angle between the retrore-

ﬂector axis and the observation axis.

4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 This test method involves the use of MRU for determin-

ing the coefficient of retroreﬂected luminance of horizontal

coating materials used in pavement markings, at traffic speed.

4.2 The entrance angle is ﬁxed at 88.76° (co-entrance angle

1.24°). See Fig. 1.

4.3 The observation angle is ﬁxed at 1.05°. See Fig. 1.

4.4 The entrance angle component β

(the side angle)

measured between the longitudinal direction of the road

marking and the vertical plane containing the direction of view

shall be within 610°. Measurement uncertainty increases as β

increases. See Fig. 1.

4.5 The MRU uses for calibration an external white

standard, an external beaded horizontal panel, or a diffuse

reﬂection tilted panel of known coefficient of retroreﬂected

luminance.

4.6 The retroreﬂectometer is mounted to the vehicle, ensur-

ing the pavement marking(s) to be measured is(are) within its

ﬁeld-of-view.

4.7 The vehicle is driven down the road with the ﬂow of

traffic collecting data on the pavement marking(s) as it goes.

Data collection is averaged over a given distance driven

(typically 0.1 miles or 100 m) and saved with GPS coordinates.

4.8 Other peripheral data such as vehicle speed, calendar

date, time of day, road conditions, pavement marking contrast,

width, color, etc. may also be collected by the MRU.

4.9 Measurements shall be taken and averaged in each

direction of traffic for a centerline.

5. Signiﬁcance and Use

5.1 The quality of the pavement marking is determined by

the coefficient of retroreﬂected luminance, R

, and depends on

the materials used, age, wear pattern, application method,

pavements surface, and other conditions.

5.2 Under the same conditions of illumination and viewing,

larger values of R

correspond to higher levels of visual

performance in dark conditions.

5.3 Retroreﬂectivity of pavement (road) markings degrades

with traffic wear and requires periodic measurement to ensure

that sufficient line visibility is provided to drivers.

5.4 MRUs are used to measure R

values of road markings

while moving at traffic speed, and can be used for longer

stretches of road than portable instruments and in cases where

the use of portable instruments require extensive precautions,

in particular on motorways.

5.5 The measurement geometry of the MRU is based on a

viewing distance of 30 m, a headlight mounting height of

0.65 m directly over the stripe, and an eye height of 1.2 m

directly over the marking according to CEN 1436 and Test

Method E1710.

5.6 MRUs are to be calibrated, maintained, and operated

according to instructions by the instrument supplier or manu-

facturer.

5.7 It shall be the responsibility of the user to employ an

MRU fulﬁlling the required speciﬁcations in this standard.

6. MRU System

6.1 Vehicle Mounted Retroreﬂectometer System:

6.1.1 The MRU shall be mountable on a vehicle and

operated at traffic speed. Alignment to establish the speciﬁed

E3320 − 21

measurement geometry and calibration shall be done stationary

or adjusted during motion/operation.

6.2 Light Source and Receiver Geometry Requirements:

6.2.1 The aperture angle of the light source as determined

from the center of the measurement area shall not be larger

than a rectangle subtending 10 min of arc in the vertical

direction (0.17°) by 20 min of arc in the horizontal direction

(0.33°).

6.2.2 Rectangle aperture dimensions are given with the ﬁrst

side parallel to the observation half plane.

6.2.3 The aperture of the receiver as determined from the

center of the measurement area shall not be larger than a square

subtending 20 min of arc (0.33°) by 20 min of arc (0.33°).

6.3 Measurement Geometry:

6.3.1 The standard measurement geometry should comply

with the 30 m geometry speciﬁed for portable instruments in

Test Method E1710 and EN 1436. The geometry is intended to

simulate a visual distance of 30 m for the driver of the car with

a headlamp mounted 0.65 m above the road surface and the eye

of the driver 1.2 m above the road.

6.3.2 The illumination and observation angles correspond to

the 30 m geometry. The observation angle shall be 1.05º. See

Fig. 1.

6.3.3 The entrance angle of the MRU shall be 88.76°. See

Fig. 1.

FIG. 1 The Entrance Angle (β), the Observation Angle (α), and the Side Angle-entrance Angle Component (β

Intended Measurement Distance (D), Transverse Measurement Field (T)

E3320 − 21

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摘要：

ASTM E3320-21 是国际材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布的一项最新修订标准规范，旨在为相关产品或测试方法提供统一的技术要求与评估准则。该版本在2021年完成更新，整合了行业前沿实践与安全性能指标，适用于制造、检测及质量控制等领域。通过明确定义术语、性能参数及合规流程，ASTM E3320-21 帮助用户降低技术风险、提升产品可靠性，并促进全球贸易中的一致性认证。遵循此标准可确保材料或系统在预期使用条件下达到稳定、可重复的表现，是工程师、质检人员及采购方进行技术对标的重要参考依据。

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