ASTM A47 - A 47M - 99 (2022)e1

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Designation: A47/A47M −99 (Reapproved 2022)
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Standard Speciﬁcation for
Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
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This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation A47/A47M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε
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NOTE—Footnote 4 was updated editorially in October 2022.
1. Scope
1.1 This speciﬁcation
2
covers ferritic malleable castings for
general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambi-
ent to approximately 400 °C [750 °F].
1.2 No precise quantitative relationship can be stated be-
tween the properties of the iron in various locations of the same
casting and those of a test specimen cast from the same iron
(see Appendix X1).
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
with the standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
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A153/A153M Speciﬁcation for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
Iron and Steel Hardware
A247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
Graphite in Iron Castings
A644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
terials
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
terials
E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
Hardness, Superﬁcial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
2.2 Military Standard:
4
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
2.3 Federal Standard:
4
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Domestic Shipment (Civilian
Agencies)
3. Terminology
3.1 Deﬁnitions—Deﬁnitions for many terms common to
iron are found in Terminology A644.
4. Classiﬁcation
4.1 Castings ordered and produced under this speciﬁcation
are classiﬁed under the following grades based on tests on
separately cast test bars. Separately cast test bars shall be
poured from the same lot of iron as the castings they represent
and shall be heat treated with those castings except as provided
in 7.2.3.
4.1.1 Grade 32510 [Grade 22010]:
4.1.1.1 The ﬁrst three digits of the grade designation indi-
cate the minimum yield strength (×100 psi [MPa]), and the last
two digits indicate the minimum elongation (% in 2 in.
[50 mm]).
5. Ordering Information
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this
speciﬁcation shall state the speciﬁcation designation, the year
in which the speciﬁcation was issued, and the grade of
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This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and
Ductile Iron Castings.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as A47/A47M – 99
(2018)
ɛ1
. DOI: 10.1520/A0047_A0047M-99R22E01.
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For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Speciﬁ-
cation SA-47 in Section II of that code.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
4
Available from General Services Administration – Vendor Support Center,
https://vsc.gsa.gov/.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

malleable iron to be supplied. Any option or special additions

to the basic requirements of this speciﬁcation shall be clearly

and fully stipulated.

6. Chemical Composition

6.1 The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to

produce the structural and mechanical properties required by

this speciﬁcation.

7. Mechanical Properties

7.1 Factors inﬂuencing the properties of castings and their

relationship to those of test specimens and separate test

castings are discussed in Appendix X1.

7.2 Tension Test Specimens:

7.2.1 The tension test specimens shall be cast to the form

and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2, in the same kind of

molding material used for the production castings. At least

three such specimens shall be cast from a representative ladle

of iron either from each batch-melted heat or, in continuous

melting, from each 4 h pour period during which the purchas-

er’s castings were poured, or as otherwise agreed upon

between manufacturer and purchaser.

7.2.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identiﬁed with the

designation of either the batch-melted heat or the pour period

of a continuous heat.

7.2.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same

production furnaces and in the same cycles as the castings they

represent. However, in those instances wherein the critical

sections of the production castings differ appreciably from that

of the central portion of the test specimens, the time cycle for

tempering the test specimens may be altered from that of the

production lot in order to obtain similar microstructures or

hardness, or both, in both specimen and castings. In such cases

the hardness of the specimens shall be tested and reported

along with the tensile test results.

7.2.4 The tension test is usually performed on unmachined

specimens. However, for referee work, the specimen may be

machined from the standard cast bar to the dimensions shown

in Fig. 3.

7.3 Tension Test Method:

7.3.1 The gage length of the standard tension specimen shall

be 2.00 60.01 in. [50.0 60.3 mm].

7.3.2 The diameter used to compute the cross-sectional area

shall be the average between the largest and smallest diameters

in that section of the 2 in. [50 mm] gage length having the

smallest diameter and shall be measured to the nearest 0.001 in.

[0.2 mm]. No cast bar having a mean diameter less than

0.590 in. [15.0 mm] shall be accepted for test.

7.3.3 After reaching a stress equivalent to approximately

half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed of the moving

head of the testing machine shall not exceed 0.50 in./min

[12.5 mm ⁄min] through the breaking load.

7.3.4 While the values for yield point and yield strength are

not identical, they are sufficiently close for most applications of

ferritic malleable irons to be used interchangeably. They may

be determined by any of the approved techniques described in

the paragraphs on Determination of Yield Strength and Yield

Point of Test Methods E8/E8M. If determined as yield strength,

that stress producing an extension under load of 0.01 in.

[0.25 mm] over the 2 in. [50 mm] gage length (for example,

0.5 % extension) or an offset of 0.2 % shall be taken as the

yield stress, which shall be converted to yield strength by

dividing by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length

found in accordance with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the

nearest 100 psi [MPa]. In referee work, yield strength shall be

determined as the stress that produces an extension under load

of 0.5 % of the gage length.

7.3.5 The tensile strength shall be the maximum load

carried by the specimen during the test divided by the original

cross-sectional area of the gage length, as found in accordance

with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the nearest 100 psi [MPa].

7.3.6 The elongation is the increase in gage length after

fracture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in.

FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimen

NOTE 1—Modiﬁcations may be made in the dimensions indicated above

for those details of the specimen outside of the gage length as required by

testing procedure and equipment.

FIG. 2 Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen

NOTE 1—The gage length and ﬁllets shall be as shown, but the ends

may be of any shape to ﬁt the holders of the testing machine in such a way

that the load shall be axial. The reduced section shall have a gradual taper

from the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. [0.08 to

0.13 mm] larger in diameter than the center.

FIG. 3 Machined Tension Test Specimen

A47/A47M − 99 (2022)

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[0.25 mm], expressed as a percentage of the original gage
length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 %.
7.4 Retesting:
7.4.1 If, after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a
defect, another tension test may be made on a companion
specimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture
occurs outside the central 50 % of the gage length.
7.4.2 If the results of a valid test fail to conform to the
requirements of this speciﬁcation, two retests shall be made. If
either retest fails to meet the speciﬁcation, the castings repre-
sented by these test specimens shall be rejected. A valid test is
one wherein the test specimen has been properly prepared and
appears to be sound and on which the approved test procedure
has been followed.
7.4.3 If sufficient companion test bars are unavailable, the
manufacturer shall have the option of testing a specimen cut
from a representative casting. Therefore, as stated in X1.3, the
mechanical properties of such tension test specimen removed
from a production casting will not necessarily correspond to
those of a standard separately cast test specimen, the values in
Table 1 do not apply. Instead, the mechanical properties of the
test specimen from the casting must equal or exceed the
average of those from similar test specimens removed from the
same location from two castings of the same design where
separately cast test bars meet the requirements of Table 1.
7.4.4 If the ﬁrst test results indicate that a reheat treatment
is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of
castings and the representative test specimens shall be reheat
treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance
with 7.4.1 – 7.4.3.
7.4.5 The results of all tests, including retests, shall be
posted in permanent record, which shall state any abnormali-
ties observed during the test and in the fractured ends. Such
records shall be kept for at least one year after shipment of the
production castings and shall be available for examination by
the purchaser or by his authorized representative.
7.4.6 If not covered in the purchase agreement, the fre-
quency of tension testing shall be in accordance with 7.2.1 and
sufficiently often to ensure uniformity of product and compli-
ance with minimum test requirements.
7.4.7 Tension test results, obtained in accordance with the
above subsections, must conform to the values of Table 1 for
acceptance under this speciﬁcation except as provided in 7.4.3.
7.4.8 When agreed upon between manufacturer and
purchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars shall be
preserved by the manufacturer for a period of three months
after the date of the test report.
7.5 Hardness Test—If the purchase agreement requires
hardness testing, the acceptable hardness range shall be stated
and a test location clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).
7.5.1 Hardness Test Method—The Brinell method of hard-
ness testing in accordance with Test Method E10 shall be
employed whenever possible.
7.5.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permit
Brinell testing with the standard 3000 kgf load, the 500 kgf
may be employed, the hardness number being reported as HB
10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible to use
the Brinell method, the Rockwell test may be substituted, using
Test Methods E18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale. Con-
versions of hardness values from one method to another
according to Hardness Conversion Tables E140, which does
not speciﬁcally cover cast irons, are approximate only and,
therefore, are generally inadvisable.
7.5.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the cast
surface to ensure that the measured surface is representative.
7.5.4 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardness
testing shall be fully detailed on the purchase agreement.
Otherwise, hardness tests shall be performed at the discretion
of the producer.
7.5.5 Castings failing to conform to the required hardness
range may be reheat treated and retested. If after reheat treating
they still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected.
7.5.6 Typical hardness maximums for this grade of mal-
leable iron are listed in Table 2.
8. Microstructure Requirements
8.1 The microstructure of the malleable iron shall consist of
temper carbon nodules distributed through a ferritic matrix and
shall be free of excessive pearlite, massive carbides, and
primary graphite.
8.2 When agreed upon by the purchaser and producer, the
maximum decarburization at any as-cast surface after heat
treatment may be stipulated in writing, as measured by visual
depletion of combined carbon after polishing, etching in nital,
and viewing at 100×.
8.3 In reference work, the metallographic practice recom-
mended in Test Method A247 shall be followed.
9. Soundness Requirements
9.1 All castings, on visual examination, shall be sound and
free of obvious shrinkage and porosity.
9.2 If the purchaser requires soundness tests to be
performed, it shall be so stated in the purchase agreement, and
the method and soundness requirements shall be detailed.
10. Dimensional Requirements
10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given on
drawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensions
established by the pattern equipment supplied by the purchaser,
TABLE 1 Tension Test Requirements
Inch-Pound Grades
English
Grade
Tensile Strength,
min, psi
Yield Strength,
min, psi
Elongation in
2 in, min, %
32510 50 000 32 500 10
Metric Grades
Metric
Grade
Tensile Strength,
min, MPa
Yield Strength
min, MPa
Elongation in
50 mm, min, %
22010 340 220 10
TABLE 2 Typical Hardness
Inch-Pound Grade
[Metric Grade]
Hardness, maximum
HB
Indentation Value
Diameters, mm
325 10 [22010] 156 4.8
A47/A47M − 99 (2022)
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摘要：

ASTM A47 - A47M - 99 (2022)e1 是 ASTM 国际标准组织发布的关于铁素体可锻铸铁的标准规范，涵盖其化学成分、力学性能及验收要求。该标准最初于1999年批准，2022年经过修订并重新确认（带e1编辑性变更），适用于管道、阀门、建筑五金及汽车零部件等需要良好可锻性与韧性的铸铁件。标准规定了抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率及硬度等关键指标，确保材料在压力容器与一般工程应用中的安全性与可靠性。对于从事铸造、机械制造及质量控制的专业人士，该文档是选材与合规检测的核心参考依据。

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