ASTM A874 - A 874M - 98 (2022)

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Designation: A874/A874M −98 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Speciﬁcation for
Ferritic Ductile Iron Castings Suitable for Low-Temperature
Service
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation A874/A874M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This speciﬁcation covers ductile iron castings suitable
for service at temperatures of −40 °F [–40 °C] and above.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
with the standard.
1.3 The following precautionary statement pertains only to
the test methods portion, Section 11, of this speciﬁcation: This
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
A247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
Graphite in Iron Castings
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
terials
E30 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Steel, Cast Iron,
Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron (Withdrawn 1995)
3
E59 Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination
of Chemical Composition (Withdrawn 1996)
3
E94/E94M Guide for Radiographic Examination Using In-
dustrial Radiographic Film
E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for Gen-
eral Industry
E351 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Cast Iron—All
Types
E562 Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by
Systematic Manual Point Count
E689 Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron Castings
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
3. Ordering Information
3.1 Orders for material under this speciﬁcation shall include
the following applicable information:
3.1.1 Drawing, catalog number, or part identiﬁcation,
3.1.2 Quantity (weight or number of pieces),
3.1.3 ASTM designation and year of issue,
3.1.4 Marking instructions (see Section 15),
3.1.5 Place of inspection (see 13.1),
3.1.6 Limits on residual elements (see 5.2),
3.1.7 Visual and dimensional acceptance standard (see 7.1),
3.1.8 Sampling plan (see Section 9), and
3.1.9 Supplementary requirements.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 Castings may be supplied either as cast or heat treated
and shall have essentially a ferritic structure that contains no
massive carbides.
5. Chemical Composition
5.1 The iron shall conform to the requirements for chemical
composition shown in Table 1.
5.2 By agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser,
analysis may be required and limits established for elements
not speciﬁed in Table 1.
1
This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and
Ductile Iron Castings.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as A874/A874M – 98
(2018)
ɛ1
. DOI: 10.1520/A0874_A0874M-98R22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

6. Mechanical and Microstructural Properties

6.1 Tensile Properties—The iron shall conform to the re-

quirements for tensile properties shown in Table 2.

6.2 Microstructure—Graphite contained in the microstruc-

ture shall be evaluated in accordance with Test Method A247.

The percent of each graphite type shall be estimated, and the

total of all estimates shall equal 100 %. The total percent of

Types 1 and 2 graphite shall be a minimum of 90 %.

7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance

7.1 The surface of the casting shall be examined visually

and shall be free from adhering sand, scale, cracks, and hot

tears. Other surface discontinuities shall meet visual and

dimensional acceptance standards speciﬁed in the order.

7.2 Conditioning of castings is permitted to the extent that

the removal of metal does not extend into the envelope of the

ﬁnished container and does not alter the properties of the metal

remaining in the ﬁnished container.

8. Repair

8.1 Castings shall not be repaired by plugging, welding,

brazing, impregnation, or any other means.

9. Sampling

9.1 Test coupons will be obtained from the casting. The

location in the casting from which the test coupons are

obtained and the number obtained from each location shall be

agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.

9.2 Metallographic samples shall be obtained from the same

location as the mechanical test coupons.

9.3 Nondestructive examination methods for estimating mi-

crostructure may be used to supplement the destructive exami-

nation sampling plan.

9.4 Sampling for chemical analysis shall be in accordance

with Practice E59.

9.4.1 The chemical analysis for total carbon shall be made

on either chilled cast pencil-type specimens or thin wafers

approximately

⁄

in. [0.8 mm] thick cut from test coupons.

10. Number of Tests and Retests

10.1 The number of tension tests and the number of micro-

structural examinations shall be agreed upon between the

manufacturer and purchaser.

10.2 If any tension test specimen shows obvious defects, it

may be discarded and another from the same coupon may be

tested.

11. Test Methods

11.1 Conduct the tension test in accordance with Test

Methods E8/E8M.

11.2 Determine the yield strength using one of the following

methods:

11.2.1 The 0.2 % offset method, or

11.2.2 Extension-under-load method where the yield

strength may be determined as the stress producing an elonga-

tion under load of 0.330 %, that is, 0.0066 in. [0.165 mm] in a

gage length of 2 in. [50 mm].

11.3 Determine the percent of each graphite nodule type by

manual counting, semi-automatic, or automatic image analysis

methods. The manual count method shall prevail when the

results of other methods differ. Magniﬁcation shall be at 100×.

11.4 Spectrometric methods may be used for chemical

analysis. Should a dispute arise concerning chemical

composition, use Test Methods E351 and E30 for referee

methods.

12. Records

12.1 Records of the chemical composition, mechanical

properties, and the metallographic examination shall be sys-

tematically made and maintained.

13. Inspection

13.1 Unless otherwise speciﬁed in the contract or purchase

order, the manufacturer shall perform all of the tests and

inspections required by the speciﬁcation.

13.2 All tests and inspections shall be made at the place of

manufacture or a mutually agreed-upon location.

13.3 The inspector representing the purchaser shall have

entry at all times, while work on the contract of the purchaser

is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer’s works

that concern the manufacture of the material ordered. The

manufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities

to satisfy that the material is being furnished in accordance

with these speciﬁcations. The inspector representing the pur-

chaser shall not interfere unnecessarily with the operation of

the works.

14. Certiﬁcation

14.1 The manufacturer’s certiﬁcation shall be furnished to

the purchaser stating the material was manufactured, sampled,

tested, and inspected in accordance with this speciﬁcation

(including the year of issue) and was found to meet the

requirement(s). In addition, a test report shall be included with

the certiﬁcation giving the results of all tests performed,

including chemical analysis.

TABLE 1 Chemical Composition

Element Minimum, % Maximum, %

Total carbon 3.0 3.7

Carbon equivalent (carbon +

⁄

silicon) . . . 4.5

Silicon 1.2 2.3

Phosphorous . . . 0.03

Magnesium . . . 0.07

Manganese . . . 0.25

Copper . . . 0.1

Nickel . . . 1.0

Chromium . . . 0.07

TABLE 2 Tensile Properties

Tensile Strength,

min, psi [MPa]

Yield Strength,

min, psi [MPa]

Elongation in 2 in. [50 mm],

min, %

45 000 [300] 30 000 [200] 12 [12]

A874/A874M − 98 (2022)

15. Product Marking

15.1 The casting shall be identiﬁed and shall be marked in

accordance with instructions issued by the purchaser.

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

Supplementary requirements shall be applied only when speciﬁed by the purchaser. Details of the

supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. The speciﬁed

tests shall be performed by the manufacturer prior to shipment of the castings.

S1. Magnetic Particle Examination

S1.1 Castings shall be examined for surface discontinuities

by magnetic particle examination. The examination shall be in

accordance with Guide E709. The extent of examination and

the basis for acceptance shall be agreed upon between the

manufacturer and purchaser.

S2. Ultrasonic Examination

S2.1 Castings shall be examined for internal defects by

ultrasonic examination. The examination procedures and ac-

ceptance criteria shall be agreed upon between the manufac-

turer and purchaser.

S3. Liquid Penetrant Examination

S3.1 Castings shall be examined for surface discontinuities

by means of liquid penetrant examination. The examination

shall be in accordance with Practice E165/E165M. Areas to be

inspected, methods and types of liquid penetrants to be used,

developing procedure, and basis for acceptance shall be agreed

upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.

S4. Radiographic Examination

S4.1 Castings shall be examined for internal defects by

means of X-rays or gamma rays. The procedure shall be in

accordance with Guide E94/E94M, and types and degrees of

discontinuities considered shall be judged by Reference Radio-

graphs E689. The extent of examination and basis for accep-

tance shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and

purchaser.

S5. Fracture Toughness

S5.1 Fracture toughness testing shall be performed on

samples removed from the casting. The method of fracture

toughness testing, the location from which the samples are

removed, the number of tests performed, and the acceptance

requirements shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer

and purchaser.

S6. Nodule Count

S6.1 The nodule count per unit area shall be determined by

examining 100× micrographs.

The samples for the micro-

graphs shall be removed from the casting at locations agreed

upon. The inspection method and the acceptance requirements

shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.

Test Method E562 may be used for guidance.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned

in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk

of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ﬁve years and

if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards

and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the

responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should

make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,

United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above

address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website

(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222

Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

Electric Power Research Institute Project 2813-1, “Relationships Between

Ductile Iron Fracture Toughness and Microstructure,” December 1986, provides

background information.

A874/A874M − 98 (2022)

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摘要：

ASTM A874 - A 874M - 98 (2022) 是美国材料与试验协会发布的一项关于低温用铁素体球墨铸铁件的标准规范，其最新修订版于2022年确认生效。该标准适用于在低至-40°C的低温环境下仍能保持良好韧性和抗冲击性能的球墨铸铁材料，主要应用于低温阀门、泵体、管件及其它承受低温工况的关键机械部件。标准涵盖化学成分、力学性能、热处理工艺及金相组织要求，特别强调铁素体基体的比例控制以保证低温延展性。此外，A874M为米制单位版本，便于国际工程采购与质量控制。遵循此标准有助于确保铸件在寒

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