ASTM A928 - A 928M - 14 (2021)

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Designation: A928/A928M −14 (Reapproved 2021)

Standard Speciﬁcation for

Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric

Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation A928/A928M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year

of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.

A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope

1.1 This speciﬁcation covers electric-fusion-welded steel

pipe suitable for corrosive service.

NOTE 1—The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has

been substituted in this speciﬁcation for traditional terms such as nominal

diameter, size, and nominal size.

1.2 This speciﬁcation covers grades of ferritic/austenitic

steel as indicated in Table 1. The selection of the proper alloy

and requirements for heat treatment shall be at the discretion of

the purchaser, dependent on the service conditions to be

encountered.

1.3 Five classes of pipe are covered as follows:

1.3.1 Class 1—Pipe shall be double welded by processes

using ﬁller metal in all passes and shall be radiographed

completely.

1.3.2 Class 2—Pipe shall be double welded by processes

using ﬁller metal in all passes. No radiograph is required.

1.3.3 Class 3—Pipe shall be single welded by processes

using ﬁller metal in all passes and shall be radiographed

completely.

1.3.4 Class 4—Same as Class 3, except that the weld pass

exposed to the inside pipe surface is permitted to be made

without the addition of ﬁller metal (see 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2).

1.3.5 Class 5—Pipe shall be double welded by processes

using ﬁller metal in all passes and shall be spot radiographed.

1.4 Supplementary requirements covering provisions rang-

ing from additional testing to formalized procedures for

manufacturing practice are provided. Supplementary Require-

ments S1 through S4 are included as options to be speciﬁed in

the purchase order when desired.

1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units

are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the

SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each

system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system

shall be used independently of the other. Combining values

from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the

standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the M

designation of the speciﬁcation is speciﬁed in the order.

1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-

dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-

ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:

A240/A240M Speciﬁcation for Chromium and Chromium-

Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure

Vessels and for General Applications

A480/A480M Speciﬁcation for General Requirements for

Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate,

Sheet, and Strip

A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related

Alloys, and Ferroalloys

A999/A999M Speciﬁcation for General Requirements for

Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe

E426 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Examina-

tion of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Titanium,

Austenitic Stainless Steel and Similar Alloys

2.2 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:

Section III

Section VIII

Section IX

2.3 AWS Speciﬁcations:

A5.4Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and Chromium-

Nickel Steel Covered Welding Electrodes

This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,

Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee

A01.10 on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products.

Current edition approved March 1, 2021. Published April 2021. Originally

approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A928/A928M – 14.

DOI: 10.1520/A0928_A0928M-14R21.

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME

International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://

www.asme.org.

Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,

Miami, FL 33126, http://www.aws.org.

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

A5.9Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and Chromium-

Nickel Steel Welding Rods and Bare Electrodes

A 5.11 Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Covered Welding Elec-

trodes

A 5.14 Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Bare Welding Rods and

Electrodes

A 5.22 Flux Cored Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and

Chromium-Nickel Steel Electrodes

A 5.30 Consumable Weld Inserts for Gas Tungsten Arc

Welding

3. Terminology

3.1 Deﬁnitions:

3.1.1 The deﬁnitions in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M and

Terminology A941 are applicable to this speciﬁcation.

4. Ordering Information

4.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify

all requirements that are necessary for product under this

speciﬁcation. Such requirements to be considered include, but

are not limited to, the following:

4.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),

4.1.2 Name of material (electric-fusion-welded pipe),

4.1.3 Grade (see Table 1),

4.1.4 Class (see 1.3),

4.1.5 Size (outside diameter and nominal wall thickness),

4.1.6 Length (speciﬁc or random),

4.1.7 End ﬁnish (section on ends of Speciﬁcation A999/

A999M),

4.1.8 Authorization for repair of plate defects by welding

and subsequent heat treatment without prior approval, if such is

intended (see 13.3),

4.1.9 Speciﬁcation designation,

4.1.10 Special requirements,

4.1.11 Statement invoking requirements of 13.4, if such is

intended,

4.1.12 Circumferential weld permissibility (see Section 17),

4.1.13 Supplementary Requirements (S1 through S4),

4.1.14 Applicable ASME Code, if known,

4.1.15 For ASME Code Section III applications, the service

classiﬁcation intended, and

4.1.16 Certiﬁcation requirements (see section on certiﬁca-

tion of Speciﬁcation A999/A999M).

5. General Requirements

5.1 Material furnished to this speciﬁcation shall conform to

the applicable requirements of the current edition of Speciﬁ-

cation A999/A999M unless otherwise provided herein.

6. Materials and Manufacture

6.1 Materials—The steel plate material shall conform to the

requirements of one of the grades of Speciﬁcation A240/

A240M, listed in Table 1.

6.2 Welding:

6.2.1 The joints shall be full penetration double-welded or

single-welded butt joints using fusion welding processes as

deﬁned under Deﬁnitions, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel

Code, Section IX. This speciﬁcation makes no provision for

any difference in weld quality requirements, regardless of the

weld joint type used (single or double) in making the weld.

Where backing rings or strips are used, the ring or strip

material shall be of the same P-Number (Table QW-422 of

Section IX) as the plate being joined. Backing rings or strips

shall be removed completely after welding, prior to any

required radiography, and the exposed weld surface shall be

examined visually for conformance to the requirements of

6.2.3. Welds made by procedures using backing strips or rings

that remain in place are prohibited. Welding procedures and

welding operators shall be qualiﬁed in accordance with the

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX.

6.2.2 Except as provided in 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2, welds shall

be made in their entirety by processes involving the deposition

of ﬁller metal.

6.2.2.1 For Class 4 pipe using multiple passes, it is permit-

ted to make the root-pass without the addition of ﬁller metal.

6.2.2.2 For Class 4 pipe, it is permitted that the weld surface

exposed inside the pipe be the result from a single pass made

from the inside of the pipe without the addition of ﬁller metal.

6.2.2.3 All single-welded pipe shall be radiographed com-

pletely.

6.2.3 The weld surface on either side of the weld may be

ﬂush with the base plate or may have a reasonably uniform

crown, not to exceed

⁄

in. [3 mm]. It is permitted to remove

any weld reinforcement, at the option of the manufacturer or by

agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser. The con-

tour of the reinforcement shall be reasonably smooth and free

of irregularities. The deposited metal shall be fused uniformly

into the plate surface. No concavity of contour is permitted

unless the resulting thickness of weld metal is equal to or

greater than the minimum thickness of the adjacent base metal.

6.2.4 Weld defects shall be repaired by removal to sound

metal and rewelding. Subsequent heat treatment and examina-

tion (that is, visual, radiographic, and dye penetrant) shall be as

required on the original welds.

6.3 Heat Treatment:

6.3.1 Unless otherwise stated in the order, heat treatment

shall be performed after welding and in accordance with the

requirements of Table 2.

6.3.2 If the purchaser desires pipe without heat treatment

subsequent to welding, the purchase order shall specify the

following condition:

6.3.2.1 No ﬁnal heat treatment of pipe fabricated of plate

that has been heat treated as required by Table 2 for the

particular grade. Each pipe supplied under this requirement

shall be stenciled with the suffix “HT-O.”

7. Chemical Composition

7.1 The chemical composition of the plate shall conform to

the requirements of the applicable speciﬁcation and grade

listed in Table 1.

7.2 Unless otherwise speciﬁed in the purchase order, the

chemical composition of the welding material shall conform to

the requirements of the applicable AWS speciﬁcation for the

corresponding grade given in Table 1 or shall conform to the

chemical composition speciﬁed for the plate, or shall, subject

to purchaser approval, be a ﬁller metal more highly alloyed

A928/A928M − 14 (2021)

than the base metal when needed for corrosion resistance or

other properties. Use of a ﬁller metal other than that listed in

Table 1 or conforming to the chemical composition speciﬁed

for the plate shall be reported and the ﬁller metal identiﬁed on

the certiﬁcate of tests. When nitrogen is a speciﬁed element for

the ordered grade, the method of analysis shall be a matter of

agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.

8. Heat Analysis

8.1 The chemical analysis of the steel shall be determined

by the plate manufacturer and shall conform to the require-

ments for the particular grade as prescribed in Speciﬁcation

A240/A240M.

9. Product Analysis

9.1 At the request of the purchaser’s inspector, an analysis

of one length of ﬂat-rolled stock from each heat, or from base

metal and weld deposit from two pipes from each lot, shall be

made by the manufacturer. A lot of pipe shall consist of the

following number of lengths of the same size and wall

thickness from any one heat of steel:

NPS Designator Lengths of Pipe in Lot

Under 2 400 or fraction thereof

2 to 5, incl 200 or fraction thereof

6 and over 100 or fraction thereof

9.2 The results of these analyses shall be reported to the

purchaser or the purchaser’s representative and shall conform

to the requirements speciﬁed in Section 7, subject to the

product analysis tolerances of Table 1 in Speciﬁcation A480/

A480M.

9.3 If the analysis of one of the tests speciﬁed in 8.1 or 9.1

does not conform to the requirements speciﬁed in Section 7,it

is permitted to obtain an analysis of the base metal and weld

deposit of each pipe from the same heat or lot, and all pipe

conforming to the requirements shall be accepted.

10. Tensile Requirements

10.1 The plate used in making the pipe shall conform to the

requirements as to tensile properties of the applicable speciﬁ-

cations listed in Table 1. Tension tests made by the plate

manufacturer shall qualify the plate material.

10.2 The transverse tension test taken across the welded

joint specimen shall have a tensile strength not less than the

speciﬁed minimum tensile strength of the plate.

11. Permissible Variations of Dimensions for Thin-Wall

Pipe

11.1 For thin-wall pipe, deﬁned as pipe having a wall

thickness of 3 % or less of the speciﬁed outside diameter, the

diameter tolerance, as listed in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,

shall apply only to the mean of the extreme (maximum and

minimum) outside diameter readings in any one cross section.

11.2 For thin-wall pipe, the difference in extreme outside

readings (called the ovality) in any one section shall not exceed

twice the permissible variations in outside diameter for the

speciﬁed diameter as listed in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M.

12. Transverse Guided-Bend Weld Tests

12.1 Two bend test specimens shall be taken transversely

from the pipe. Except as provided in 12.2, one shall be subject

to a face guided-bend test and the second to a root guided-bend

test. One specimen shall be bent with the inside surface of the

pipe against the plunger, and the other with the outside surface

against the plunger.

12.2 For speciﬁed wall thicknesses over

⁄

in. [9.5 mm] but

less than

⁄

in. [19 mm], side-bend tests may be made instead

of the face and root-bend tests. For speciﬁed wall thicknesses

⁄

in. [19 mm] and over, both specimens shall be subjected to

the side-bend tests. Side-bend specimens shall be bent so that

one of the side surfaces becomes the convex surface of the

bend specimen.

12.3 The bend test shall be acceptable if no cracks or other

defects exceeding

⁄

in. [3 mm] in any direction are present in

the weld metal or between the weld and the pipe metal after

bending. Cracks that originate along edges of the specimen

during testing, and that are less than

⁄

in. [6.5 mm] measured

in any direction, shall not be considered.

13. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance

13.1 The ﬁnished pipe shall have a workmanlike ﬁnish.

13.2 Repair of Plate Defects by Machining or Grinding—

Pipe showing slivers may be machined or ground inside or

outside to a depth that shall ensure the removal of all included

scale and slivers, providing the wall thickness is not reduced

below the speciﬁed minimum wall thickness. Machining or

grinding shall follow inspection of the pipe as rolled, and it

shall be followed by supplementary visual inspection.

13.3 Repair of Plate Defects by Welding—Defects that

violate minimum wall thickness may be repaired by welding,

but only with the approval of the purchaser. Areas shall be

prepared suitably for welding with tightly closed defects

removed by grinding. Open, clean defects, such as pits or

impressions, may require no preparation. All welders, welding

operators, and weld procedures shall be qualiﬁed to the ASME

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX. Unless the

purchaser speciﬁes otherwise, pipe required to be heat treated

under the provisions of 6.3 shall be heat treated or reheat

treated following repair welding. Repaired lengths, where

repair depth is greater than

⁄

of the thickness, shall be pressure

tested or repressure tested after repair and heat treatment (if

any). Repair welds shall also be examined by suitable nonde-

structive examination techniques, including any techniques

required speciﬁcally of the primary weld.

13.4 The pipe shall be free of scale and contaminating iron

particles. Pickling, blasting, or surface ﬁnishing is not manda-

tory when pipe is bright annealed. The purchaser is permitted

to require in the purchase order that a passivating treatment be

applied.

14. Test Specimens and Methods of Testing

14.1 Transverse tension and bend test specimens shall be

taken from the end of the ﬁnished pipe; the transverse tension

and bend test specimens shall be ﬂattened cold before ﬁnal

machining to size.

A928/A928M − 14 (2021)

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摘要：

ASTM A928 - A 928M - 14 (2021) 是一项由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）发布的标准规范，主要涵盖了用于腐蚀性工况的铁素体/奥氏体（双相）不锈钢无缝及焊接钢管的技术要求。该标准最新版本于2021年重新批准，延续了2014年的技术内容，适用于高温、高压及腐蚀环境下的管道系统，尤其在化工、石油、天然气及海洋工程等领域具有广泛的应用。标准中规定了材料的化学成分、力学性能、热处理要求、尺寸公差以及检测方法，确保管道在恶劣条件下的可靠性和耐久性。符合该标准的钢管通常采用电弧焊（如

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