ASTM C133-24 耐火砖及异型砖的冷破碎强度和挠折模量的试验方法

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Designation: C133 −24
Standard Test Methods for
Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of
Refractories
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation C133; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold
crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried
or ﬁred refractory shapes of all types.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:
Test Method Sections
Cold Crushing Strength 4to 8
Modulus of Rupture 9to 13
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens
by Casting
C1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic
and Ramming Mix Specimens
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Veriﬁcation of Test-
ing Machines
3. Signiﬁcance and Use
3.1 The cold strength of a refractory material is an indica-
tion of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not
a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.)
3.2 These test methods are for determining the room tem-
perature ﬂexural strength in three-point bending (cold modulus
of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or
both, for all refractory products.
3.3 Considerable care must be used to compare the results
of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or
modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature of
the specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), the
orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry,
and the rate of load application may all signiﬁcantly affect the
numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between
different determinations should not be made if one or more of
these parameters differ between the two determinations.
3.4 The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest
specimen dimension may signiﬁcantly affect the numerical
results. For example, smaller cut specimens containing large
grains may present different results than the bricks from which
they were cut. Under no circumstances should 6 in. by 1 in. by
1 in. (152 mm by 25 mm by 25 mm) specimens be prepared
and tested for materials containing grains with a maximum
grain dimension exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).
3.5 This test method is useful for research and development,
engineering application and design, manufacturing process
control, and for developing purchasing speciﬁcations.
COLD CRUSHING STRENGTH
4. Apparatus
4.1 Testing Machine—Any form of standard mechanical or
hydraulic compression testing machine conforming to the
requirements of Practices E4 may be used.
NOTE 1—For low-strength materials (such as insulating bricks or
castables), a sensitivity of 20 lbf (67 kN) or less is required. The use of a
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.01 on Strength.
Current edition approved April 1, 2024. Published April 2024. Originally
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as C133 – 97 (2021).
DOI: 10.1520/C0133-24.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

hydraulic testing machine is also preferred over the mechanical type for

these materials.

4.2 Spherical Bearing Block—The plane surface of the

spherical bearing block (see Fig. 1) shall have an area which is

equal to or greater than the cross section of the test specimen.

5. Test Specimens

5.1 Brick and Shapes (bulk density greater than 100 lb ⁄ft

(1.60 g/cm

))—The test specimens shall be 2 in. (51 mm) cubes

or cylinders, 2 in. (51 mm) in diameter by 2 in. (51 mm) high.

The height should be parallel to the original direction of

pressing of the brick or shape. In the case of special shapes,

only one specimen shall be cut from a single shape and as

many of the original surfaces as possible shall be preserved. In

preparing specimens from irregular or large refractory shapes,

any method involving the use of abrasives, such as a high-

speed abrasion wheel, core drill, or rubbing bed, that will

produce a specimen with approximately plane and parallel

sides without weakening the structure of the specimen may be

used.

5.2 Insulating Brick or Shapes (typical bulk density of 100

lb/ft

(1.60 g/cm

), or greater than 45 % total porosity, or

both)—The test specimens shall be 4

⁄

in. by 4

⁄

in. by 2

⁄

in.

or 3 in. (114 mm by 114 mm by 64 mm or 76 mm), each taken

from a different brick. It is permissible to prepare these

specimens from the half-brick resulting from the modulus of

rupture test (see Sections 9 – 14). The selected compression

test section shall be free of cracks, chipped surfaces, and other

obvious defects. The test surfaces shall be approximately

parallel planes.

5.3 Castable Refractories—The test specimens shall be 2 in.

by 2 in. by 2 in. (51 mm by 51 mm by 51 mm) cubes or

cylinders 2 in. (51 mm) in diameter by 2 in. (51 mm) high,

prepared by casting or gunning. It is permissible to prepare one

specimen from each 9 in. by 2 in. by 2 in. (230 mm by 51 mm

by 51 mm) bar after the modulus of rupture test (see Sections

9 – 14). The selected compression test section shall be free of

cracks, chipped surfaces, and other obvious defects. The

loaded surfaces shall be approximately parallel planes. All

samples must be dried at 220 °F to 230 °F (105 °C to 110 °C)

for 18 h (overnight). Upon removal from the oven, allow the

sample to cool naturally until cool to the touch. Complete

testing within 2 h of removal from the drying oven. (See

Practices C862 and C1054.)

6. Procedure

6.1 At least ﬁve specimens from an equivalent number of

refractory shapes compose a sample.

NOTE 2—For relatively weak specimens like insulating castables or

insulating ﬁrebricks, a minimum sample size of ten specimens is pre-

ferred.

6.2 Brick and Shapes—Place a cellulose ﬁber wall board

(for example, Masonite

) 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness and

extending 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) or more beyond the edges of the

loaded faces of the specimen. Apply the load parallel to the

direction in which the brick was originally pressed.

6.3 Regular and High-Strength Castables—Place a cellulose

ﬁber wall board 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness and extending

0.5 in. (12.7 mm) or more beyond the edges of the loaded faces

of the specimen. Apply the load on the 2 in. by 2 in. (51 mm by

51 mm) or 2 in. (51 mm) diameter face and perpendicular to

the depth of the specimen as originally cast or gunned.

6.4 Insulating Brick or Shapes—Apply the load directly to

the 4

⁄

in. by 4

⁄

in. (114 mm by 114 mm) surface of the test

specimen.

6.5 Insulating Castables (typical bulk density of 100 lb/ft

(1.60 g/cm

), or greater than 45 % total porosity, or both)—

Apply the load directly to the 2 in. by 2 in. (51 mm by 51 mm)

face and perpendicular to the depth of the specimen as

originally cast or gunned.

6.6 Use the bearing block on top of the test specimen, and

position it so that the center of the sphere is in alignment with

the vertical axis of the specimen (see Fig. 1). Keep the

spherical bearing block thoroughly lubricated to ensure accu-

rate adjustment which may be made by hand under a small

initial load for each specimen.

NOTE 3—The spherical bearing block may not be necessary on test

machines having mechanical linkages which ensure that the stress applied

is colinear with the axis of the specimen.

6.7 For dense refractories with sufficient strength to require

greater than about 3 min per test, initial loading to one half of

the anticipated failure load may be accomplished at any

convenient rate exceeding the speciﬁed rate. Subsequently,

each specimen shall be crushed with a compressive load

applied at the standard rates speciﬁed in Table 1. The rates shall

not vary by more than 610 % of the speciﬁed rate for the type

of refractory being tested.

6.8 When using a mechanical testing machine, keep the

balance beam in a constantly ﬂoating position.

6.9 Specimens are loaded, as speciﬁed, to failure. Failure is

deﬁned as the collapse of the specimen (failure to support the

load), or the reduction of the specimen height to 90 % of its

original value. The maximum applied load is recorded.

Masonite has been found satisfactory for this purpose.

FIG. 1 Recommended Design for Crushing Test Assembly,

Including Bearing Block

C133 − 24

7. Calculation

7.1 Calculate the cold crushing strength using Eq 1:

S5W/A (1)

where:

S= cold crushing strength, lbf/in.

(MPa),

W= total maximum load indicated by the testing machine,

lbf (N), and

A= average of the areas of the top and bottom of the

specimen perpendicular to the line of application of the

load, in.

(mm

8. Report

8.1 Report the following:

8.1.1 Designation of the materials tested (that is,

manufacturer, brand, description, lot number, etc.);

8.1.2 Specimen conﬁguration, including size, shape, loca-

tion in the original brick or shape, the character of the faces

(that is, cut, drilled, as-pressed, as-cast, etc.), and the specimen

orientation during testing;

8.1.3 Pretreatment, if any, given to the test pieces (for

example, curing, ﬁring, coking, etc.);

8.1.4 Number of specimens in a sample;

8.1.5 Individual specimen dimensions, the maximum ap-

plied load, and the calculated cold crushing strength for each

specimen (see 7.1);

8.1.6 Mean cold crushing strength and standard deviation

for each sample.

MODULUS OF RUPTURE

9. Apparatus

9.1 Testing Machine—Any form of standard mechanical or

hydraulic compression testing machine conforming to the

requirements of Practices E4 may be used.

NOTE 4—Properly calibrated portable apparatus may be used.

9.2 Bearing Surfaces, that shall have a radius of curvature of

⁄

in. (16 mm) or be cylindrical pieces 1

⁄

in. (32 mm) in

diameter. For 6 in. by 1 in. by 1 in. (152 mm by 25 mm by

25 mm) specimens, the radius of curvature shall be

⁄

in.

(5 mm) or cylindrical pieces

⁄

in. (10 mm) in diameter. All

such bearing surfaces shall be straight and of a length at least

equal to the width of the test specimen. The supporting

members for the lower bearing surfaces shall be constructed so

as to provide a means for the alignment of the bearing surfaces

with the under surface of the test specimen because the test

brick may have a longitudinal twist. Apparatus of the design

shown in Fig. 2 is recommended, although other types may be

used, provided they conform to these requirements. A satisfac-

tory alternative design is shown in Fig. 3.

10. Test Specimens

10.1 Brick and Shapes (bulk density greater than 100 lb/ft

(1.60 g/cm

)—The preferred test specimens shall be standard

9 in. by 4

⁄

in. by 2

⁄

in. or 3 in. (228 mm by 114 mm by

64 mm or 76 mm) bricks, or specimens of equivalent size

ground or cut from refractory shapes. In the case of special

shapes, only one specimen shall be cut from a single shape. As

many original surfaces as possible shall be preserved. Where

brick sizes are impossible or impracticable, alternative speci-

men sizes of 9 in. by 2 in. by 2 in. (228 mm by 51 mm by

51 mm) or 6 in. by 1 in. by 1 in. (152 mm by 25 mm by 25

mm) may be prepared. In preparing specimens from irregular

or larger shapes, any method involving the use of abrasives,

such as a high-speed abrasion wheel or rubbing bed, that will

produce a specimen with approximately plane and parallel

sides without weakening the structure may be used.

10.2 Insulating Brick or Shapes (typical bulk density of

100 lb ⁄ft

(1.60 g/cm

), or total porosity greater than 45 %, or

TABLE 1 Standard Loading Rates for Cold Crushing Strength

Refractory Type Size, in. (mm) Loaded Cross

Section, in. (mm)

Loaded Area, in.

(mm

)

Stress Rate,

lbf/in.

/min

(MPa/min)

Loading Rate,

lbf/min (kN/min)

Strain Rate,

in./min (mm/min)

Refractory Brick and Shapes

Density >100 lb/ft

(>1.60 gm/cm

), or

<45 % true porosity, or both

2×2×2

(51 × 51 × 51)

2×2

(51 × 51)

(2601)

1750

(12)

7000

(31.2)

0.05

(1.3)

(Includes regular or high-strength castables

and ﬁred plastic or rammed refractories)

2 diameter × 2

(51 diameter × 51)

2, diameter

(51, diameter)

3.14

(2027)

1750

(12)

5500

(24.3)

0.05

(1.3)

Insulating Refractories

Density <100 lb/ft

(<1.60 gm/cm

), or

>45 % true porosity, or both

4.5 × 4.5 × 2.5

C,D

(114 × 114 × 64)

4.5 × 4.5

(114 × 114)

20.25

(13 064)

435

(3)

8809

(39)

0.05

(1.3)

(Includes dried, unﬁred plastic or rammed

refractories)

4.5 × 4.5 × 3

C,D

(114 × 114 × 76)

4.5 × 4.5

(114 × 114)

20.25

(13 064)

435

(3)

8809

(39)

0.05

(1.3)

2×2×2

D,E

(51 × 51 × 51)

2×2

(51 × 51)

(2601)

435

(3)

1740

(7.80)

0.05

(1.3)

2 diameter × 2

2, diameter 3.14 435 1367 0.05

(51 diameter × 51) (51, diameter) (2027) (3) (6.08) (1.3)

Where possible, loading at a constant stress rate is preferable to constant strain rate loading.

For dense refractory brick and shapes requiring more than a 3 min test duration, specimens may be loaded to one half of the anticipated fracture strength at any

convenient rate exceeding that speciﬁed.

These sizes are preferred for insulating ﬁrebricks.

These pieces may be cut from broken halves of MOR specimens.

These sizes are preferred for insulating castables.

C133 − 24

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标签： #耐火砖 #异型砖 #冷破碎强度

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ASTM C133-2024 Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories 耐火砖及异型砖的冷破碎强度和挠折模量的试验方法

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