ASTM E213 - 22

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Designation: E213 −22
Standard Practice for
Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and Tubing
1
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice
2
covers a procedure for detecting discon-
tinuities in metal pipe and tubing during a volumetric exami-
nation using ultrasonic methods. Speciﬁc techniques of the
ultrasonic method to which this practice applies include
pulse-reﬂection techniques, both contact and non-contact (for
example, as described in Guide E1774 and Practice E1816),
and angle beam immersion techniques, both conventional and
phased array. Artiﬁcial reﬂectors consisting of longitudinal,
and, when speciﬁed by the using party or parties, transverse
reference notches placed on the surfaces of a reference
standard are employed as the primary means of standardizing
the ultrasonic system.
1.2 This practice is intended for use with tubular products
having outside diameters approximately
1
⁄
2
in. (12.7 mm) and
larger, provided that the examination parameters comply with
and satisfy the requirements of Section 11. These procedures
have been successful with smaller sizes. These may be speci-
ﬁed upon contractual agreement between the using parties.
These procedures are intended to ensure that proper beam
angles and beam shapes are used to provide full volume
coverage of pipes and tubes, including those with low ratios of
outside diameter-to-wall thickness, and to avoid spurious
signal responses when examining small-diameter, thin-wall
tubes.
1.3 The procedure in Annex A1 is applicable to pipe and
tubing used in nuclear and other special and safety applica-
tions. The procedure in Annex A2 may be used to determine
the helical scan pitch.
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; they
must be speciﬁed by the using party or parties.
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
E543 Speciﬁcation for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
Testing
E1065 Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic
Search Units
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1774 Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers
(EMATs)
E1816 Practice for Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Elec-
tromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods
2.2 ASNT Documents:
4
Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Nondestructive
Testing Personnel Qualiﬁcation and Certiﬁcation
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualiﬁcation and Certiﬁ-
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.3 ISO Standard:
5
ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing— Qualiﬁcation and Cer-
tiﬁcation of NDT Personnel
2.4 AIA Document:
6
NAS 410 Certiﬁcation and Qualiﬁcation of Nondestructive
Testing Personnel
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published February 2022. Originally
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E213 – 20. DOI:
10.1520/E0213-22.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Practice
SE-213 in the Code.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
5
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
6
Available from Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd.,
Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1

3. Terminology

3.1 Deﬁnitions—For deﬁnitions of terms used in this

practice, see Terminology E1316.

4. Summary of Practice

4.1 A pulsed ultrasonic angle beam by means of non-

contact, surface contact, or immersion method shall be used.

Fig. 1 illustrates the characteristic ultrasonic angle beam entry

into the wall of a pipe or tube in the circumferential direction

to detect longitudinal discontinuities using a single search unit.

Fig. 2 illustrates the characteristic angle beam ultrasound entry

into the wall of a pipe or tube in the axial direction to search

for transverse discontinuities using a single search unit.

NOTE 1—The immersion method may include tanks, wheel search units,

or systems that use streams or columns of liquid to couple the ultrasonic

energy from the search unit to the material.

4.2 To ensure detection of discontinuities that may not

provide a favorable response from one side, scanning shall be

performed in both circumferential directions for longitudinal

discontinuities and when an axial scan is speciﬁed by the using

party or parties, in both axial directions for transverse discon-

tinuities.

4.3 For efficient examination of large quantities of material,

multiple search units and instruments may be used simultane-

ously to perform scanning in the required directions. Multiple

search units may be employed for “interlaced” scanning in

each required direction to enable higher examination rates to be

achieved through higher allowable scan index or “pitch.”

5. Signiﬁcance and Use

5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for

detecting and locating signiﬁcant discontinuities such as pits,

voids, inclusions, cracks, splits, etc., by the ultrasonic pulse-

reﬂection method.

6. Basis of Application

6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-

ment between the parties using or referencing this practice.

6.2 If speciﬁed in the contractual agreement, personnel

performing examinations to this practice shall be qualiﬁed in

accordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel quali-

ﬁcation practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,

SNT-TC-1A, ISO 9712, NAS 410, or a similar document and

certiﬁed by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.

The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall

be identiﬁed in the contractual agreement between the using

parties.

6.3 Qualiﬁcation of Nondestructive Agencies—If speciﬁed

in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualiﬁed

and evaluated as described in Speciﬁcation E543. The appli-

cable edition of Speciﬁcation E543 shall be speciﬁed in the

contractual agreement.

6.4 Size and type of pipe or tubing to be examined.

6.5 Procedures and Techniques—The procedures and tech-

niques to be utilized shall be as speciﬁed in the contractual

agreement and should include:

FIG. 1 Circumferential Propagation of Sound in a Pipe or Tube Wall

E213 − 22

6.5.1 Type, dimension, location, and number of reference

reﬂectors to be placed in the reference standard,

6.5.2 Method(s) for measuring side versus side acoustic

response of reference notches and tolerance limits,

6.5.3 Items that affect examination coverage may also be

speciﬁed such as scan overlap, examination frequency, pulse

density, and maximum search unit size,

6.5.4 Sound beam orientation and number of beams used,

6.5.5 Number of dead elements within a phased array virtual

probe,

6.5.6 Procedure and use of distance amplitude

compensation, and

6.5.7 Maximum time interval between equipment standard-

ization checks, if different from that described in 12.2, and the

tolerance to be applied to a standardization check,

6.6 The stage(s) in the manufacturing process at which the

material will be examined.

6.7 Surface Preparation—The pre-examination surface

preparation if additional requirements are necessary beyond

what is speciﬁed in Section 7.

6.8 Reporting

6.8.1 Criteria for reportable and rejectable indications (ac-

ceptance criteria), and

6.8.2 Requirements for permanent records of the response

from each tube, if applicable.

6.9 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items—

Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in

this practice and if required shall be speciﬁed in the contractual

agreement.

7. Surface Condition

7.1 All surfaces shall be clean and free of scale, dirt, grease,

paint, or other foreign material that could interfere with

interpretation of examination results. The methods used for

cleaning and preparing the surfaces for ultrasonic examination

shall not be detrimental to the base metal or the surface ﬁnish.

Excessive surface roughness or scratches can produce signals

that interfere with the examination.

8. Apparatus

8.1 Instruments shall be of the pulse echo type and shall be

capable of detecting the reference notches of the types de-

scribed in Section 10 to the extent required in the standardiza-

tion procedure described in Section 11. An independent chan-

nel (or channels) of instrumentation shall be employed to

individually monitor the responses from the longitudinal and,

when required, transverse oriented search units. The instrument

pulse repetition rate per channel shall be capable of being

adjusted to a sufficiently high value to ensure notch detection at

the scanning rate employed. The instrument shall be capable of

this pulse repetition rate without false indications due to

spurious reﬂections or interference from other instruments and

search units being used for simultaneous examinations in other

directions or along other scan paths.

8.1.1 The frequency and bandwidth of the instrument and

search unit shall be capable of being selected to produce a

satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio for the detection of the re-

quired notches as compared to background “noise” response

from irregularities such as grain boundaries and surface rough-

ness.

8.2 Search unit frequency shall be selected to produce a

desirable “signal-to-noise” ratio (S/N), from the material to be

examined, at the speciﬁed sensitivity. A S/N value of at least 3

to 1 is usually considered to be minimum. A higher minimum

value is desirable and may be speciﬁed by the contracting

agency.

8.2.1 Select a search unit size, frequency, and refracted

angle (or corresponding parameters for non-contact tech-

niques) to produce an approximate 45 degrees beam-center

shear wave in the tube or pipe wall. For material with an

outside diameter-to-thickness ratio less than 7, a lower re-

fracted angle (or corresponding parameters for non-contact

techniques) must be used to ensure intersection with the inside

FIG. 2 Axial Propagation of Sound in a Pipe or Tube Wall

E213 − 22

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摘要：

ASTM E213 - 22 是 ASTM 国际标准组织发布的关于金属管材超声检测的标准规范，全称为《Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and Tubing》。该标准主要适用于铁素体钢、奥氏体不锈钢及其他金属管材的纵向和横向缺陷检测，采用脉冲反射式超声技术，涵盖接触法、液浸法及自动化检测系统。ASTM E213-22 在2022年进行了修订，更新了校准方法、灵敏度设置及系统性能验证要求，以提高对裂纹、分层、夹杂物等缺陷的

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